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4.1 - Assess the use of criminological theories in informing policy…
4.1 - Assess the use of criminological theories in informing policy development
Psychoanalysis
Process of revealing unconscious confliction the mind that could be causing criminality
Informal/Formal policies
Individualistic Theories
Effective
: Aichorn successfully used psychoanalysis to help young offenders affected by maternal deprivation
Ineffective
: Time consuming. Not suitable for all criminals. Requires a lot of commitment from the offender
Token Economy
A token is given for a desired action, which is later exchanged for a 'treat'
Formal Policy
Individualistic Theories
Effective
: Do & O'Donnel (1975) used aa 'buddy system' for young offenders whereby s buddy constantly provided rewards when desirable behaviour was shown. Lead ti improvements in behaviour
Ineffective
: Improvements tend to not generalise beyond the institution in the longer term
Biochemical Treatments (Drug Treatments)
Focuses on the role of hormone/brain chemistry. Treatments work by altering theses biological processes
Formal Policies
Biological Theories
Effective
: castration effective at preventing reproduction e.g. passing on the genetic material
Ineffective
: Ethical issues with castration, side effects from drugs etc.
Capital Punishment
Execution of an offender sentenced to death following a conviction
Formal Policies
Biological Theories
Effective
: provide victim/victims families with a sense of justice
Ineffective
: stats from US show murder rate is lower in states that do NOT have the death penalty i.e. not a deterrent (2015 - murder rate 25& higher in DP states
Prison
Custodial sentences ranging from long to short term, UK has more life sentence servers than the whole of Europe
Formal Policies
Sociological Theories
Effective
: when combines with rehab it can be effective
Ineffective
: reoffending rates suggest it is not always effective as a deterrent
Penal Populism
Gov. attempt at proposing laws to punish offenders that will be popular among the general public
Formal Policies
Sociological Theories
Effective
: prison population increased therefore less offenders on the streets
Ineffective
: issues of overcrowding in prisons. Reoffending rates suggest tough sentences are not a deterrent