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Lifespan Perspective, h - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Fear
      - Anger
      - Basic Emotions
        
        Complex Emotions
        
        Developmental Impact
        
        Social Relationships
        
        Cognitive Development
        
        Emotional Regulation
        
        Shame and Guilt
        
        Embarrassment and pride
      - Happiness
      - Sadness
- - - - Norms and values
      - interpersonal skills
      - Role learning
    - - family
      - peers
      - institutions
  - - - behavioral adaptation
      - emotional adaptation
      - cognitive adaptation
    - - support systems
      - cultural context
      - personal experiences
  - - - motor learning
      - emotional learning
      - Cognitive learning
    - - social interactions
      - cultural influences
      - educational opportunities
  - - - hormonal changes
      - behavioral
      - neurological maturation
    - - genetics
      - environmental stimulation
      - health
  - - - organ development
      - bone and muscles
      - height and weight
    - - genetics
      - Nutrition
      - health and medical care
- - - - Insecure- Resistant (Ambivalent)
        
        Children with this attachment style exhibits significant distress when seperated from the caregiver and are not easily comforted upon reunion. The may cling to the caregiver but also resist comfort.
      - Insecure-Disorganized Attachment
        
        Disorganized attachment is marked by a lack of clear attachment is marked by a lack of clear attachment behavior. Children may show a mix of avoiding and resistant behaviors, appeariing confused or apprehensive around the caregiver.
      - Insecure-Avoidant Attachment
        
        These children show little distress when the caregiver leaves and avoid them upon return. They seem indifferent to the caregiver's presence or absence.
      - Secure Attachment
        
        Children with secure attachments show distress when their caregiver leaves but are quickly comforted upon their return. They use their caregiver as a secure base for exploration.
    - - John Bowlby: emphasizes the evolutionary basis of attachment and its role in survival, introducing the concept of the secure base and internal working models, which are mental representations of self and others formed through early attachments.
      - Mary Ainsworth empirical work, particularly the Strange situation procedure, provided a robust framework for observing and categorizing attachment behaviors, highlighting and importance of caregiver responsiveness and the variability in attachment patterns.
  - - - external environments that indirectly influence and the individual,such as parents workplaces of community organizations.
    - - The broader cultural and societal context that shapes the values,norms,and beliefs of the individual's culture.
    - - The connections and interactions between different Microsystems,such as the relationships between family and school.
    - - the dimension of time, including historical events and transitions,which can have an impact on development.
    - - The immediate environment in which the individual interacts directly,such as family,school,and peer groups.
  - - - 7 to 11 years.
        
        Development of logical thinking about concrete events.
        
        understanding on conservation and the ability to preform operations on concrete objects.
        
        decentration: ability to consider multiple aspects of a situation.
        
        reversibility: understanding that objects can be changed and then returned to their original state.
    - - 12 years and up
        
        ability to think abstractly, reason logically and draw conclusions from hypothetical situations.
        
        Development of systematic problem solving skills
        
        capable of scientific thinking and forming hypotheses
        
        Begins to think about moral,philosophical,ethical, social and political issues that require theoretical and abstract reasoning.
    - - 2-7 years
        
        Egocentrism: difficulty in seeing things from perspectives others than their own.
        
        Lack of understanding of the concept of conservation: the idea that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape of appearance.
        
        Development o language and symbolic thinking, allowing children to engage in pretend play.
        
        Centration: focusing on one aspect of a situation while ignoring others.
    - - birth to 2 years.
        
        Develops object permanence: understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard or touched.
        
        Begins to form mental representations of objects and events.
        
        infants learn abiout the world through their senses and actions,
    - - Autonomous morality(10 and up) Children begin to understand that rules are created by people and can be changed through mutual agreement. they start to consider intentions behind actions when judging behavior.
      - Lawrence Kohlberg: Expanded on Piaget's work, proposing a more detailed stage of theory.
        
        Preconventional Level ( up to age 9) Stage 1: obedience and punishment orientation: moral reasoning is based on avoiding punishment.
        stage 2: Individualism and exchange: Recognizes that others have different interest and that punishment is a risk one takes.
        
        Conventional Level (adolescence and adulthood,but some children start to reach this level in middle childhood)
        Stage 3: Good interpersonal relationships: Morality is based on living up to social expectations and roles.
        Stage 4: Maintaining social order: emphasis on obeying laws and respecting authority to maintain social order,
      - Heteronomous morality (5-10 yrs) Children view rules as fixed and unchangeable, handed down by authorities(parents,teachers). they judge actions based on consequences rather than intentions. ex: breaking a large number of dishes accidentally is seen as worse than breaking one dish intentionally.
      - Carol Gilligan ethics of care
        
        Gilligan criticized Kohlberg's theory based on gender-biased, proposing that females are more likely to consider care and relationships in their moral reasoning. Middle childhood is when children start to balance justice-oriented reasoning with care-oriented reasoning, understanding the impotance of empathy and relationships.
      - Influences of moral development
        
        Social Interactions:
        Peer Relationships: Interaction with peers helps children understand fairness, justice,and reciprocity.They learn to negoiate,cooperate, and resolve conflicts.
        Family influence: Parents and siblings provide models of moral behavior and reasoning. Discussions about moral dilemmas and family values play a significant role.
        
        Cultural context:
        Societal Norms: The broader cultural context influences what is considered moral. Children learn societal normas and values through media, education,and community engagement.
        Religious and ethical teachings: religious beliefs and ethical teachings often provide a framework for understanding morality and guide moral reasoning.
        
        Practical Aspects:
        Discipline and Guidence: Effective moral development is supported by consistent and fair discipline, where reasoning and discussion about rules and consequences are emphasized over mere punishment.
        Role Models: children learn moral behavior by observing role models in their lives,such as parents,teachers,and community leaders.
        Moral Dilemma: Discussing moral dilemmas and hypothetical situations can help children practice and develop their moral reasoning skills.
  - - - Development involves both growth and decline in various aspects over the lifespan. it is not always linear or uniform,but characterized by fluctuations, gains and losses.
    - - individual development is shaped by historical events, social norms, and cultural practices that vary across time and place.
    - - Development occurs across multiple domains, including biological, cognitive, psychological, social, and cultural dimensions.
    - - Individuals actively shape their own development through choices and actions, but their opportunities and constraints are also influenced by social structures and institutions.
    - - Human development is a lifelong process that unfolds across multiple stages and transitions, from infancy to old age.
    - - The timing of life events and transitions,such as marriage, parenthood , and retirement, can have significant implications for individual development and well-being
  - - - ages between 6-12. Children experience significant physical,social,cognitive development.
        
        cognitive development
        Concrete Operational stage: According to jean Piaget, middle childhood corresponds to the concrete operational stage of cognitive development. children begin to think logically about concrete events but still struggle with abstract concepts.
        Academic skills: schooling becomes a major focus, and children develop foundational skills in reading,writing,mathematics, and problem solving. They also begin to understand the concept of time, such as days,months, an seasons.
        Attention and memory: Improvements in attention span and working memory allow children to preform more complex tasks and engage in longer periods of focused study or play.
        Moral Development: children state to understand societal rules and develop a sense of morality. they begin to internalize standards of right and wrong from parents,teachers,and society.
        
        Social development
        Peer Relationships: During this stage, Children start to place a greater emphasis on friendships and peer acceptance. They begin to form more complex social networks and develop a sense of belonging.
        Teamwork and cooperation: Participations in group activities, such as sports teams.clubs, or school projects, helps children learn the importance of teamwork.cooperation, and following rules.
        Self-concept and self esteem: Children develop a clearer sense of self through feedback from peers and adults. success in school and extracurricular activities contributes to a sense of competence,while repeated failuures can lead to feelings of inferiority.
        
        Physical development
        Growth:Children in middle childhood continues to grow steadily, gaining muscle and strength and cooridination. they experience a gradual increase in height and weight.
        Motor skills: Both gross motor skills (running and jumping)fine motor skills (writing, drawing) improve significantly. improved hand -eye coordination allows for more complex activities such as playing musical instruments or engaging in sports.
      - Industry: if children are encouraged and commended for their initiative, they began to feel industrious and confident in their ability to achieve goals.
        Inferiority: if this initiative is not encouraged, if it is restricted by parents or teachers, or if they experience repeated failures,children begin to feel inferior, doubting their abilities and therefore may not reach their potential.
- - - - Formal Operational stages
        
        ability to think about possibilities and consequences
        
        development of metacognition.
        
        Hypothetical reasoning
        
        Development of abstract thinking
      - Theory of mind refers to the ability to attribute mental states such as belief, intentions, desires and emotions to oneself and others may hold beliefs ,desires, and perspectives different from one's own. It is fundamental aspects of social cognition and plays a crucial role in understanding and predicting human behavior, interpreting social interactions, and developing empathy and social skills.
        
        understanding beliefs recognizing that others may have beliefs that differ from ones ownand that these beliefs influence their behaviors and actions.
        
        recognizing false beliefs is understanding that someone else may hold a belief that is different from reality,even if one knows the truth. this ability typically develops around age 4-5 and is often assessed using tasks such as the sally Anne task.
        
        inferring emotions:Identifying and understanding the emotions of others based on their facial expressions, tone of voice, and body language.
        
        perspective talking imagination oneself in another persons situation and understanding their thoughts,feelings,and motivations. this ability allows individuals to emphasize with others and respon appropriately in social situations.
        
        understanding intentions: recognizing that actions are often driven by intentions and goals. and inferring these intentions based on contextual cues and past experiences.
    - - Rapid increase in height and weight.
    - - Girls : breast development,widening hips and onset menstruation.
      - Boys: growth of facial/body hair,deepening voice and development of muscles.
    - - Girls:increased production of estrogen and progesterone
      - Boys: Increased production of testosterone. these hormones are responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics and the regulation of reproductive functions.
    - - self image and self esteem: adolescent become more conscious of their bodies and appearance,which can affect their self-esteem and confidence.
      - social relationships: Peer relationships become increasingly important,and adolescents may seek greater independence from parents while forming closer bonds with friends and romantic interests.
      - Mental Health: the emotional up and downs of puberty can contribute to stress,anxiety, and other mental health challenges. support from family,friends, and mental health professionals is crucial during this time.
      - Examples of purberty changes
        
        Physical example: 12 yr old girls notice the development of breasts and starts menstrual cycle,marking significant milestones in her physical development during puberty.
        
        Emotional Example: 14 yr old boys experience mood swings and heightened emotions as he navigates the hormonal changes associated with puberty, feeling elated one moment and irritable the next .
- - - - Support and indépendance: transition from dependance to independence in decision-making.
        influence of family relationships on autonomy and identity development.
    - - Culture and society: cultural norms and expectations influencing behaviors and aspirations.
        Socioeconomic status and access to resources impacting opportunities.
  - - - Higher Education: Pursuit of educational goals and vocational training. Decision-making about career paths and future aspirations.
    - - Transitioning into the workforce and financial independence. Job instability and career exploration
    - - Mental health:Managing mental health challenges such as anxiety and depression. Seeking help and developing coping strategies.
      - Physical Health: Establishing health behaviors and managing risks to health. Impact of lifestyle choices on long-term well-being.
- - - - 12-18 months: walks independently. Scribbles on paper
      - 18-24 months: Begins to run and climb. Kicks a ball.
      - 2-3 years: Jumps with both feet. Builds a tower of blocks.
  - - - 18-24 months: Shows defiant behavior. imitates behavior of others.
      - 2-3 years: Begins to play with other children. Shows a wide range of emotions.
      - 12-18 months: shows affection to familiar people. plays simple games.
  - - - toddler 1-3 years
        
        12-18 months: Says several single words. Points to show interest.
        
        18-24 Months: Combines two word phrases(more juice). Knows names of familiar people and objects.
        
        2-3 years: Speaks in short sentences. Uses pronouns (I,me,you)
  - - - 12-18 months: explores objects in new ways. finds hidden objects easily.
      - 18-24 months: Begins make believe play. Follow simple instructions.
      - 2-3 years: sorts objects by shape and color. Completes puzzles with three to four pieces.
- - - - Sensory changes: significant changes in vision, hearing,taste, and smell are common.
      - Accelerated decline: physical decline accelerated in late adulthood of chronic health conditions, such as cardiovascular disease,diabetes.
        
        Cognitive domain
        
        Cognitive decline: there can be declines in certain cognitive functions, such as working memory, processing speed and executive function.
        
        Socioemotional domain
        
        Retirement and role changes:Transitioning to retirement ca lead to significant changes in daily structure and social roles.
        
        Social networks: while social networks may shrink due to retirement, illness, or loss of peers, many older adults report satisfaction with their close relationships.
        
        Erikson's stage of integrity vs despair: Erikson posited that late adulthood involves reflecting on life. Achieving a sense of integrity and fulfillment can lead to satisfaction, while feelings of regret csn result in despair,
        
        Neurodegenerative disease: increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases such as alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia.
        
        Compensatory strategies: many older adults use compensatory strategies, such as relying on routines or external aids to manage cognitive challenges.
      - Mobility issues: reduced mobility and increased risk of falls due to weakend muscles and balance issues.
  - - - Peak Performance: Physical capabilities such as strength,reaction time, and cardiac functioning generally peak in early adulthood (20-30)
        
        Cognitive Domain
        
        Stable cognitive abilities: Cognitive abilities like memory, attention,and problem-solving are relatively stable through early and middle adulthood, although processing speed may begin to slow.
        
        Socioemotional Domain
        
        Identify and relationships: early adulthood is often focused on identity formation and establishing intimate relationships. Middle adulthood might involve maintaining relationships, parenting, and career development.
        
        Midlife crisis: some individuals experience a midlife crisis, characterized by re-evaluating life goals and achievements.
        
        Accumulated Knowledge: expertise and accumulated knowledge in specific areas can increase, thanks to continued learning and experience.
      - Gradual Decline: Middle adulthood (40s to 60s) often sees a gradual decline in physical abilities. this can include decreased metabolism, muscle mass, and bone density, along with the onset of age-related condition line arthriris.
    - - Physical peak: Most individuals reach their peak physical performance in terms of strength, endurance,and sensory abilities.
      - Health risk: Lifestyle choices, such as diet,exercise, smoking and alcohol consumption, can significantly impact long term health.
      - Reproductive health: Peak reproductive years, with considerations for family planning and childbearing.
      - Middle adulthood(40 to 60)
        
        Health concerns: onset of age-related health issues such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and cardio.
        
        Menopause and andropause: women undergo menopause,leading to hormonal changes and associated symptoms. Men may experience andropause,characterized by a gradual decline in testosterone levels.
        
        Aging signs: visible signs of aging like wrinkles,grey hair, and changes in body composition.
  - - - Generatitivity vs. stagnation:According to Erickson, this stage involves contributing to society through work, community involvement, and raising the next generation. failure to achieve this can lead to feelings of stagnation.
        Career peaks and transitions: Many individuals reach the peak of their careers, but some may face job transitions or seek new challenges.
        Empty nest syndrome: adjusting to changes in family dynamics as children leave home,which can affect martial relationships and self concept.
    - - Integrity vs despair: Erikson's final stage of involves reflecting on ones life. success leads to feelings of integrity and fulfillment while failure results in regret and despair.
        Retirement: adjusting to retirement involves finding new purposes and activities to replace the work role. social networks might shrink, but the quality of close relationships often becomes more important.
        Coping with loss: increased likelihood of experiencing the loss of loved ones, which can profoundly affect emotional wellbeing.
        Social engagement: continued engagement in social, recreational and community activities can promote mental health and reduce feelings of isolation
    - - Identity formation: continuing development of personal and professional identity. erikson's stage of intimacy vs. isolation focuses on forming intimate relationships and partnerships.
        Career establishiment: pursuing career goals, furthering education, and achieving financial independence.
        Family life: establishing families, parenting, and managing work-life balance.