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Semi-Presidentialism - Coggle Diagram
Semi-Presidentialism
Premier Presidentialism
Advantages!
Much closer to parliamentarism, which has a number of advantages.
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Disadvantages!
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• Many countries have experienced periods of cohabitation (not so much a problem in consolidated democracies, but is an issue in newer democracies).
• For example, in the early years of democracy in Poland, there were struggles between president Lech Walesa and successive prime ministers.
• Examples of nations with ceremonial presidents: Poland, Ireland Iceland.
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Definition
Duverger: "A system is considered semi-presidential if (1) the president is elected by universal suffrage, (2) the president wields considerable powers, (3) he has opposite him, a prime minister and ministers who possess executive power and can stay in power only if parliament does not show opposition to him.
Sartori – “Semi-presidentialism offers the possibility of incorporating the strengths of both systems”.
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