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65 - Education in the Anglo-Saxon World, School system, 5. Biblio, General…

- - - - 1) More edu. Can be:
        
        A Levels (usually 3) at either 6th form (in school), 6th form college or further education (FE) colleges. APPROX 75% DO A LEVELS
        
        Vocational qualification: could be BTECs (a work related qualification eg Travel & Tourism - currently largely being defunded & phased out) or the new T Levels (int 2020) 2 -year course focusing on technical skills. 1 T-level = 3 A-levels. 80% in college & 20% industry placement. Both can lead to uni
      - 2) Apprenticeships - different levels - from GCSE levels right to Degree Apprenticeships - all combine study with training in a paid job.
    - - About 100 in UK. Governed by Acts of Parl. Have academic freedom. 38% go to uni (up from 25% 2006 Blair)
        
        Apply via UCAS with predicted grades (& personal statement) - Get conditional offer.
        
        Unis divided into: Ancient ones (Oxbridge, St Andrews... b) Redbricks (19thC), c) Former polytechnics (Metropolitan Unis) & d) Specialist eg RADA.
        
        Degrees usually 3 yrs. BA, BEng, BSc ... depending on course - more or less teaching hours. Lectures & seminars. Clubs & societies also big part of life
        
        Then Masters (1 yr) & PHD (3). Also 100s of conversion courses too - eg to become a lawyer even if you haven't studied law!
        
        Tuition fees currently £9,250 across UK, though only £1,820 in Scot (for Scottish). Repay this at 9% of what you earn above 25,000.
  - - - NC sets out the programme of study & attainment targets for all key stages. Tries to be broad & balanced. ALL LA maintained schools must follow.
        
        Was introduced 1988. Last major update 2014. Different in Eng/Wales, Scotland & N Ireland
        
        5 key stages: 1) EY Foundation Stage (3-5), 2) KS1 (5-7 Y1-2)), 3) KS2 (7-11 Y3-6), 4) KS3 (11-14 Y7-9), 5) KS4 (14-16 Y10-11)
        
        1. EYFS: Games & play, personal, social dev, knowledge & understanding of world etc. All 3-4 yrs old have 30 free hours per week. Mismash of settings - nusery, infact school, child minders Final yr is Reception - when children are 5.
        
        2) KS1 - 11 subjects. SATS in core subjects (though schools can now opt out)
        
        3) KS2 - SATS end Y6. Imp. Rank schools but puts pressure on students & teachers. Many more creative subjects are being squeezed at expense of science/maths/Eng
        
        4) KS3 - students choose GCSE options in Y9
        
        5) KS4. GCSEs - external (AQA, OCR) apprx 10 subjects. Need pass in core subjects.
      - Nat Cur. aims detail a skill, ability or level of knowledge that children should aim to achieve for a part. subject. Eg KS2 Eng - draw inferences such as inferring character's feelings, ..chooses nouns for clarity & cohesion
    - - Edu devolved in different countries in UK
        
        Various ways to categorise. Main difference: state & private
        
        STATE
        
        Receive funding either direct from govt (Academy/Free) OR from local authority. Still a few state grammar schools too (although less) now - 11+ abolished 1976.
        
        V small no. of state boarding schools too
        
        EITHER local authority or academy/free can be FAITH schools - currently make up 34% of ALL schools (37 primary, 18 secondary). Can use faith in selection process of students AND staff. Some segregated. They follow nat curr (must do if local authority) BUT can teach what they want in RE...
        
        PRIVATE
        
        Aka independent. Don't have to follow NC. Normally selective. Most elite = public schools - confusing! 7% attend but dominate many professions: 65% judges, 52% diplomats, 44% journalists, 65% current cabinet, 20/57 PMs ETON. Charity status - no VAT. V controversial! Labour plans to abolish
    - - Sept-July, 3 terms, lots of shorter holidays. Mon - Fr approx 9 - 3 30. Lunch. Extra curr. Uniforms!
        
        Governed by Board of Governors. Volunteers. Sign off on budget, influence strategic direction of school, hold Head to account etc.
        
        OFSTED inspect ALL schools every 4 yrs (unless requires improvement). Observations, interviews etc. Usually told the day before, but sometimes turn up unannounced
        
        Teachers - get PGCE & then apply directly. Lots of management opps - Head of Yr, Head of 6th form.... SLT fairly big. Headteachers - huge amount of freedom & influence. Always previously teachers but few teach.
        
        Teacher crisis!! Average 54 hrs per week! Result: 33% leave in 1st 5 yrs - big shortfall in many subjects
- - - - Funding comes from state taxes.
        
        SO: standard of edu NOT UNIFORM. Eg: compulsory from 6 - 16/18 depending on state. Funding varies.
  - - - Private - fee paying, often specialised. Approx 10% of students. Often segregated. Many scholarships.
        
        Home - legal in all states (varying degrees of regulation). 3-4% of all children - most in world. Most due to concerns re the school environment (drugs etc), dissatisfaction with schools or religious reasons
  - - - Colleges = smaller, more intimate. Most private. Some award BAs but many only associate degrees (similar to FP)
        
        Unis - bigger. Public or private. Emphasis on research. Older unis are private & small- Yale, Princeton, Havard.... Most prestigious overall (research & prizes etc) - Uni of California.
        
        Entry - SAT Scholastic Aptitude Test (can also do APs). Entry is determined by a mix GPA, SAT, written essays & letters of reference. Each uni/college has own application process.
        
        Fees - approx 25,000 in state & 55,000 in public unis. Most receive federal loans. Average programme = 4 yrs so huge debt upon graduation
        
        Many courses etc available for adults - lots of adult edu
- - - - Secondary split into Junior (Junior Cert. exams in last yr, like GCSEs) & Senior (Leaving Cert at 18)
        
        Many (72%) take a transition year at age 15/16 - between Junior & Senior cycles. Work experience/volunteer/learn new skills...many are online courses. No exams, little hmk - some then struggle with the demands of Senior yr
  - - - 7 unis in Ireland. Most renowned = Trinity College, Dublin.
        
        Technological sector: edu in field of commerce, industry. Qualifications = Certificate (18-20), Diploma (20-21) Degree (21-22)
      - Lots of adult edu + programmes to ensure access for ppl who have been socially/economically disadvantaged.
- - - - Awareness of other cultures built into LOMLOE & also good to know for trips, exchanges etc