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Batny Taujany, Granuloma, Embryology, Helicobacter Pylori, NSAIDs,…

- - - - CagA
        
        ↑ ↑ inflammation
        
        ↓ ↓ tight junction expression and integrity
      - CagT4SS
        
        ↑ delivery of endotoxins
        
        ↑ penetration of cell membrane
        
        ↑ ↑ adhesin binding capability
        
        ↑ ↑ masking of PAMPs
        
        Innate immune system evasion
        
        TLR4
        
        TLR5
  - - - Induces apoptosis/autophagy via membrane channel formation on intracellular endosomes
- - - - H+/K+ ATPase
      - Chloride channels
      - Hydrochloric acid
    - - Histamine
      - G Cells
        
        Gastrin
        
        ↑
        
        Endocrine
        
        Secreted into blood
        
        ACh
        
        Post ganglionic sympathetic vagus nerve
        
        ↑
- - - - Mis-representation of pain due to convergence of dual afferent pathways (somatic and visceral)
        
        Somatic Efferent pathway activation
    - - Increased sensitisation due to ↑ excitatory activity
        
        ↑ nociceptive signalling
      - Decreased de-sensitisation due to ↓ inhibitory activity
        
        ↓ pain threshold
  - - - Yes
        
        Resolution of inflammation
        
        Return to function
        
        Removal of noxious stimul
      - No
        
        Chronic Local Inflammation
        
        IL-12
        
        TNF-a
        
        Positive feedback signalling of macrophages
        
        Macrophage deposition in tissue
        
        2 more items...
        
        Ongoing chemotactic stimulus
        
        3 more items...
        
        Fibroblast upregulation
        
        Fibrosis
        
        1 more item...
        
        Th cells differentiate -> Th1
        
        Secretion of IF-y
        
        Macrophage upregulation
        
        1 more item...
        
        Noxious stimuli persists
        
        "wall it off"
        
        Neutrophil downregulation
        
        Infection
        
        Autoimmunity
        
        Foreign body
        
        Vasculities
- - - - Extends from thoracic cage -> pelvis
        
        Bounded superiorly by ribs 7-10 and xyphoid process
        
        Bounded inferiorly by the inguinal ligament and anterolateral aspects of the pelvic girdle
      - Abdominal Muscles
        
        External Oblique \ /
        
        Internal Oblique / \
        
        Transversus =
        
        Laterally, fibers are transverse
        
        Inferio-medially, fibres are parralel with internal oblique
        
        1 more item...
        
        Rectus Abdominus
        
        Vertical Fibers
        
        1 more item...
        
        Pyramidalis
        
        Fibers run perpedicular to external obliques
        
        Fibers are continuous across Linea Alba
        
        Example of movement: Right Shoulder to Left Hip
        
        1 more item...
        
        Aponeurotic portion: inferior medial aspect, forms 'Linea Alba' aponeurosis
        
        Xyphoid process -> pubic symphysis
        
        forms inguinal ligament
        
        Attaches AIIS to pubic tubercle
        
        Muscular portion: anterior lateral wall
        
        Innervated by thoracoabdominal nerves (T7-11), subcostal nerve (T12).
  - - - Serous membrane
      - Visceral Peritoneum
        
        Sensitive to pressure, chemicals
        
        Same blood, nerve, and lymph supply as organs it lines
        
        Peritoneal Cavity
        
        potential space between organs and the parietal and visceral layers
        
        Males: closed sac
        
        Females: open cavity, ovaries extrude.
        
        Peritoneal Fluid
        
        Peritoneal Folds
        
        Mesentery
        
        Transverse mesocolon
        
        2 more items...
      - Sensitive to pressure, pain, heat and cold.
      - Same blood and lymph supply as wall it lines