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DCT Topics Year 2, Theological and Philosophical problems posed by…
DCT Topics Year 2
Religious Pluralism and Theology
Theology of Religions
Two key factors
Necessary and sufficient conditions
Controlling beliefs
Theological Exclusivism
- the view that only Christianity fully offers the means of salvation
Restrictive access exclusivism (RAE)
Universal access exclusivism (UAE)
Theological Inclusivism
- the view that although Christianity is the normative means of salvation, 'anonymous' Christians may also receive salvation
Structural inclusivism (SI)
Restrictive inclusivism (RI)
Theological Pluralism
- the view that there are many ways to salvation, of which Christianity is one of them
Unitary theological pluralism (UTP)
Pluriform theological pluralism (PTP)
Ethical theological pluralism (ETP)
Religious Pluralism and Society
Inter-faith Dialogue
Theology of Religions - different aims
'the other' and 'differance'
mission and conversion - the meaning of salvation
'Redemptoris Missio'
(Catholic)
Sharing the Gospel of Salvation
(Church of England)
Impact and Social cohesion
Scriptural Reasoning
Reasoning
- internal and external
Three Aims
- wisdom, collegiality, hospitality
Method
- reading texts from different religions
Factors Leading to Multi-faith Communities
Migration
Post-Enlightenment mindset
Globalisation
Gender and Society
Contemporary Secular Views of Gander and Society
Family Trends
Decline in religious marriages; increase in cohabitation; same-sex families; single parent families
Is there an ideal family?
Gender and Power
- essentialist/existential views of gender
Feminism
- first wave (equality rights), second wave (patriarchy)
Simone de Beauvoir
- predefined (essentialist) gender roles are false-consciousness; no eternal feminine
Women in Society
- armed forces; judges; directors of companies; glass ceiling
Betty Friedan
- women must break free from the motherhood 'mystique'
Michel Foucault
- gender controlled by institutions;
ars erotica
Contemporary Christian Responses to Secular Gender
Conservative Protestant
- equal but different; family as domestic haven; suspicion of feminism and liberalism
Liberal Protestant
- parenthood is a choice; acceptance of different kinds of non-traditional family; new covenant ideal
Roman Catholic
-
Mulieris Dignitatem
, vocation of women as mother; monogamous heterosexual family; suspicion of existential view of gender
Catholic Feminism
- radical gender equality among first Christians' feminist theology support for non-traditional families; critique of
Mulieris Dignitatem
Gender and Theology
Rosemary Radford Ruther
- Catholic feminist liberation theologian
Aim
- to show that Christianity can be interpreted to provide spiritual and moral liberation
Goddess
: Christianity has retained the experience of the female aspect of God
Incarnation and Spirit
: Jesus is the incarnation of God's wisdom; the Spirit continues to develop Jesus' teaching
Wisdom
: God's wisdom is female, which is the creative, knowable aspect of God
New Communities
: the early Christian communities were egalitarian and based on female/male relationships
Can Jesus as a saviour save women?
No
Jesus is male; the Church is controlled by men; only a an can become a priest
Yes
Jesus rejects the male warrior messiah; he gave dignity to the marginalised; the Holy Spirit continues its work in healing relationships
Mary Daly
- post-Christian (Catholic) radical feminist theologian and philosopher
Aim
- to show that for women to achieve spiritual and moral liberation, Christianity must be transvaluated
Beyond God the Father
: only women can transform patriarchy and find the deep spiritual forces of nature
Transvaluation
: a complete re-evaluation of Christianity and society is needed
Be-ing
: only women truly know about the 'background' existence and its spiritual connection with nature
New Language
: new language frees women from patriarchy, e.g. spinster, hag, crone, snool
Why is Christianity essentially sexist?
Unholy Trinity
Rape (power and lack of community); Genocide (degradation of women); War (Church support of war and other forms of killing)
Abuse of Women
Christianity abuses women (e.g. Virgin Mary), Jesus' cross is a symbol of torture and sexual dominance. As God is male it justifies male dominance of women.
The Challenge of Secularism
Secular Positivism
Sigmund Freud
Auguste Comte
Richard Dawkins
Secularisation Thesis
Christianity and public life; education, government
Secular humanism
Objects and Critique
Terry Eagleton
Rowan Williams
Charles Taylor
Programmatic
Procedural
Liberation Theology and Marx
Karl Marx
Historical materialism
Alienation and Exploitation
Praxis
Revolution
Has Liberation Theology used Marx too much or too little?
Bourgeoisie and Proletariat
Preferential option for the poor; solidarity
Dehumanisation
Means of production
God and religion
Liberation Theology in Latin America
Bottom-up theology
Critique of Capitalism
The People's Church
Orthodoxy and Orthopraxis
First and second act praxis; three meditations
Social and structural sin; alienation
Theological motivations
Challenge of western secularism
Contextual theology
Theological and Philosophical problems posed by religious pluralism
Epistemological
- conflicting truth claims
Soteriological
- can non-Christians be saved?