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Grammar - Verbs, Hypotheses (Things we imagine), Time, Aspect, Wishes -…

- - - - Something that is true in the present
        
        ex) He lives in London.
      - Something that is happens regulary in the present
        
        ex) I play football every weekend.
        
        What do you usually do ...
      - Something that is always true
        
        ex) The human body contains 206 bones.
      - Often use adverbs of frequency
        (sometimes,always,never)
      - Something that is fixed in the future
        
        ex) The school term starts next week.
      - Something in the future after time words(when,after,before) and if,unless
        
        ex1) I'll talk to John when I see him.
        ex 2) He won't come unless you ask him.
      - Summarising somthing we have read,heard or seen
        
        ex) Harry Potter goes to Hogwarts School. He has two close friends, Hermione and …
      - Telling a story
        
        ex) I was walking down the street the other day when suddenly this man comes up to me and tells me he has lost his wallet and asks me to lend him some money. Well, he looks a bit dangerous so I'm not sure what to do and while we are standing there …
      - To talk about the present or future to if we think something is likely to be true ot to happen.
        
        We should phone them in case they are lost.
        
        Those steps are dangerous. Suppose someone has an accident.
    - - to say what we've done in an unfinished time period, such as today, this week, this year, etc.
        
        with expressions such as so far, until now, before, etc
        
        They've been on holiday twice this year.
        
        I'm sure I've seen that film before.
      - to talk about a past action that has a result in the present.
        
        He's broken his leg so he can't go on holiday.
      - to talk about unfinished states
        
        especially with for, since and how long
        
        How long have you had that phone?
  - - - Something that happened once in the past
        
        ex) I met my wife in 1983.
      - Something that happened serveral times in the past
        
        ex) When I was a boy, I walked a mile to school every day.
      - something that was true for some time in the past
        
        ex) I lived abroad for ten years.
      - expressions with ago
        
        ex) I met my wife a long time ago.
      - To talk about wishes for the present
        
        ex) I wish it wasn't so cold
      - Use modals would and could to talk about wishes for the future
        
        ex) I don't like my work. I wish I could get a better job.
        
        ex) That's a dreadful noise. I wish it would stop.
      - to talk about the present or future to suggest something is not likely to be true or to happen
        
        Imagine you won the lottery. What would you do with the money?
        
        What if he lost his job? What would happen then?
      - To talk about finished time or states
        
        We visited Russia for the first time in 1992.
    - - To talk about wishes for the present
        
        ex) These seats are very uncomfortable. I wish we were travelling first class.
    - - To talk about wishes for the past
        
        ex) I wish I had worked harder when I was at school.
      - to talk about things in the past which did not happen
        
        ex) What if he had lost his job? What would his wife have said?
- - - - use may, might and could to say that something is possible, but not certain
        
        They may come by car.
        
        They might be at home.
        
        If we don't hurry, we could be late.
        
        difference in meaning between can and may/might/could
        
        That dog can be dangerous.
        (= Sometimes that dog is dangerous. I know.)
        That dog may/might/could be dangerous.
        (= Perhaps that dog is dangerous. I don't know.)
      - use can to make general statements about what is possible
        
        It can be very cold here in winter. (= It is sometimes very cold here in winter.)
        
        do not use can to talk about specific events
        
        A: Where's John?
        B: I'm not sure. He may/might/could be (NOT can) in his office.
      - use may have, might have or could have to make guesses about the past
        
        I haven't received your letter. It may have got lost in the post.
        
        It's ten o'clock. They might have arrived by now.
        
        use could to make general statements about the past
        
        It could be very cold there in winter. (= It was sometimes very cold there in winter.)
        
        You could easily get lost in that town. (= People often got lost in that town.)
    - - use must have and should have for the past
        
        They hadn't eaten all day. They must have been hungry.
  - - - talk about the ability to do something at a specific time in the present or future
      - use could and couldn't to talk about the past
    - - use could have to say that someone had the ability or opportunity to do something, but did not do it
  - - - Can
        
        could/may is polite
  - - - could you/would you
        
        can/will are less polite
  - - - should
    - - must