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ABSOLUTISM AND THE END OF HISPANIC DOMINANCE - Coggle Diagram
ABSOLUTISM AND THE END OF HISPANIC DOMINANCE
ABSOLUTISM AND THE PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM
ABSOLUTISM: FRANCE UNDER LOUIS XIV
absolute monarchies
permanent army
professional soldiers
under king's order
growing centralisation
of political + administrative decistions
in royal courts
in monarchy's governmental bodies
royal treasury
able to raise revenue
marginalisation of the courts and parliaments of the estates of the realm
ideology defending king's supremacy
over all others
most representative example of absolute monarcy
Louis XIV of France
at the beggining
the Fronde took place
series of civil wars
sides of the wars
nobility, cities and provinces with their parliaments
king and his supporters
they won
later
ordered the construction of a great Royal Palace of Versailles
on the outskirts of Paris
ther the royal court would be based
governed France through a system of councils
increased in power
implemented an aggressive foreign policy
to expand his kingdom
absolutism
17th century
some kingdoms created
absolut monarchies
belief that the king had absolute power over everybody
main proponents
Jacques Bossuet
believed kings had DIVINE right to power
Thomas Hobbes
believed absolutism was a result of a social pact
between subjects in a monarchy
to guarantee peace + stability
2 THE PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM IN ENGLAND
territories where monarchs' power was controlled by courts + parliaments.
ex. Venice + Dutch Republic
England
control to protect against absolutist pretensions of monarchy.
the stuart dinasty
tried to disassociate itself from Parliament
and estabilish an absolute monarchy
consequence
english civil war
1642-1651
after the victory of the parliament
led by Oliver Cromwell
Charles I executed
republic declared
under Cromwell's dictatorial leadership
cromwell died
the house of stuart returned to the trone
James II king
tried to impose absolutism
new confrontation with the parliament
result
glorious rvolution
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James II overthrown
parliament chose
Mary II (overthown king's daughter)
her husband
william III of Orange (head of dutch republic)
selected tosign
bill of rights (1689)
limited monarch's power
recognised the rights of the individual
result
estabilishment of a constitutional or parlamentary monarchy
because monarchs selected by parliament
accepted the Bill of Rights
english constitutional monarchy
monarch
head of state
called parliament into session
appointed government
submitted laws for approval
directed foreign policy
controlled the church of england
parliament
controlled the monarchs
approved laws
aproved new taxes
controlled government duties
submitted complains to the monarchs
english parliament
2 chambers called houses
the house of lords
country's most important noblemen and the church of england bishops
the house of commons
consisted of representatives of the kingdom's cities and counties
02 CHANGES IN THE 17TH CENTURY
1 POPULATION
rising death rate in europe
stop of the population growth of the 15-16 centuries
in some areas decreased
reasons
wars
sucesive wars
affecting almost the whole continent
ex.
the thirty years war
1618-1648
english civil war
1642-1651
epidemics
malnutrition
caused by failed harvests
helped the plague to spread
affected the weakest sectors of society
and the effects of successive wars
poor harvests
resulted in famines
affected most disadvantaged social groups
poor higiene
and ineffective medical care
contributed the spread of the plague
some hygienic measures
quarantines and masks
*
the little ice age
temperature decreased 1 Cº
affected harvests
2 SOCIETY
during 17 century
major international wars
severe evonomic problems
especialy in farming sector + textile industry
resulted in
social unrest
popular revolts
.
Many revolts protested military conscription and the fiscal policy of the monarchies
increased taxes to finance armies + win wars
most affected
non-privileged classes
food riots
cause
lack of food in citied during periods of poor harvests
speculation on cereal prices
Merchants stored grain without selling it
waiting for the price to increase
The high price of bread led to urban revolts
Ex. Palermo (1647)
rural areas
fiscal policy and oppression
caused by
noblemen in feudal estates
accumulated property by confiscating those of impoverished
peasant revolts
members of the middle class
peasant revolts (ex)
croquant rebellions in France (1635)
Cossack uprisings in Russia (1606–1607 and 1670)
the rebellion in Austria (1626).
ATLANTIC TRIANGULAR TRADE
from late 16th to early 19th centuries
chartered companies
worked in and around the west and east indies
india, indonesia, malasya, south asia
exchanged silver for spices
result
a triangular flow of trade estabilished in the atlantic
.
ships left european ports
with all kind of products
headed to the west coast of africa
in africa
exchanged the least valuable goods for slaves
then loft for america
in america
slaves + most valuable products sold
ships loaded with precious metals + other goods that were becoming very popular in europe
sugar, cocoa beans, tabaco
03 THE FIGHT FOR EUROPEAN DOMINANCE
1 THE THIRTY YEARS’ WAR
17 century
conflicts between most important european monarchies
as they tried to achieve dominance over the continent
period of peace until 1618
the 30 years' war began
began in the holy roman empire
for religious reasons
when the habsburg emperor fernando II restricted some of the protestants' religious freedom
between whom?
catholics
represented by emperor
supported by hispanic monarchy
protestants
1st phase
ended with a catholic victory
at the battle of white mountain (bohemia)
in 1620
1621
the twelve years' truce
between hispanic monarchy and dutch republic
ended
why?
dutch republic decided to support rebel protestants in holy roman empire
war with hispanic monarchy reignited
also became involved
protestant kingdoms of denmark (1625) + sweden (1631)
france intervened (1635)
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*
*
defenestration of prague
bohemian protestants
trew emperor's catholic representatives out of the window
trigered the 30 years' war
no longer a religious conflict
became a fight to make hispanic monarchy recognise dutch republic's independence
struggle for european dominance
betweenn france + spain
peace of westphalia
signed in 1648
major changes in europe
right of religious freedom
in holi roman empire
emperors coudn't longer impose their religious preferences
on kingdoms of the empire
formal recognition of independence of dutch republic
modification of holi roman empire's borders
france + sweden received territories
france + hispanic monarchy
continued the war
until 1659
the peace of the pyrenees signed
end of hispanic dominance
war's consequences
great destruction and many deaths
between 1 and 2 milion people died
%40 civilians
04 HISPANIC KINGDOMS IN THE 17TH CENTURY
1 THE POLITICAL SITUATION
in 17 century
new way of governing
appointing validos
king's favourites
delegated power over government matters
important validos
Duke of Lerma under Felipe III (1598–1621)
during his time as a valido
spain peace with england (1603)
twelve years' truce agreed
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acused of using his power
1 more item...
Count-Duke of Olivares under Felipe IV (1621–1665).
less estable
his international domestic policy
1 more item...
reign of felipe IV
portuguese revolution
portuguese nobility
took advantage of the catalan revolt
to proclaim jhon IV of portugal king in 1640
started a war
resulted in the independence of portugal and its empire
in 1668
separatists conspiracies
Plots by the nobility to separate Andalucía and Aragón (1641) from Spain uncovered.
catalan revolt
cataluña independent
requested france's help
ended in 1659
when spain regained the control
the county of rosellon ceded to france
TERRITORIES LOST BY THE HISPANIC MONARCHY
Carlos II (1661-1700)
series of validos
numerous european territories lost to france
kingdoms of the crown of aragon + territories of cantabrian coast recovered economically
rest of castilla not
it was the economic pilar of the monarchy
result of the failure devastating
problem of succession
carlos had no children
candidates to succeed
Philip of Anjou
grandson of Louis XIV
charles of Austria
son of emperor Leopoldo
he chose Philipe of Anjou
triggered the war of the spanish succession
losses in america
during 17 century
Hispanic and Portuguese territories in America lost to enemies of their monarchies.
17 century
hispanic dominance broken
economic + social problems in hispanic kingdoms
kings known as Austrias menores
2 THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SITUATION
expulsion of the moriscos
during felipe III's reign
policy of religious uniformity by catholic monarchs
fully implemented with the moriscos' expulsion
1609-1614
motivated by
fear that they would ally barber pirates
creating inestability onthe peninsula
to protect the prestige of the monarchy
who was a defender of catholicism
moriscos
considerable proportion of the population in Valencia, Aragon, Andalucia
mainly in feudal states
specialised in irrigated agriculture
for this some nobelmen opposed the expulsion
given financial compensation
severe repercussion
in the territories they lived
took a long time for population and agricultural yields to recover
society
increased the number of disadvantaged people
economic problems
plague epidemics
golden age literature + art
provide excelent insight into different social groups
in hispanic kingdoms
pícaros and mendigos
survived of charity
being servants
robbing or scamming people
poor hidalgos
impoverished members of lower nobility
refused to work
bandits and outlaws
worked in gangs
sometimes with nobelmen
robbed people on the road
