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Congress of Vienna - Coggle Diagram
Congress of Vienna
French Revolution and before
Europe myriad structures- city states to multi ethnic empires
Eastern empires, Northern nations, Central small state confederations, in Germany Italy and Switzerland
France England enemies with English naval superiority confirmed during 7 years war Austrian reversal, Russian and Prussian growth
Recent Partition of Poland in 1770s 80s and 90s
- north/west to Prussia, south to Austria, east to Russia
FR challenged ancien regime norms across Europe (church, noble privilege etc) creating both radical agendas and reactionary responses.
then invaded Belgium, Holland and Rhineland
Napoleonic Regime
1802 Code Napoleon swept away ancien regime practices
02-07 French Empire - rep of Italy, Helvetic republic, dismantled HRE, pursued war in Caribbean , invaded Hanover
1798 Extended revolution to Italy, Switzerland and rest of German
Grande Armee defeated Euro alliance in 1805 at Austerlitz, allies in disarray,
Continental system
Napoleons in Spain, Naples, Holland, Westphalia and several other vassal states, corrupt appointments.New Imperial nobility created often given foreign acquisitions. Merged with existing notables to form the elite. Economic problems post 1813 erided support
1809 Austrians declare war but crushed
Spain and Russia overreach the real sources of decline
Leipzig, At Frankfurt , Austrians leading negotiating peace without England on advantageous terms
british the paymasters
1814 arrangements
Negotiations started before napoleon was defeated. in 1814
post Leipzig
the continental powers initially offered France natural frontiers at Frankfurt meeting
First Peace of Paris 1814 -
no indemnities, Talleyrand, old borders, bel/holl united, free passage antwerp, rhine/scheldt , Derated German bond , Austrian gains in Northern Italy, colonies securing uk passage to India, amnesties.
by 1815 napoleon wanted Belgium as part of natural frontiers but map facts on ground changing fast - he wouldnt compromise - 2
Chaumont treaty of 1814
powers committing to war if Nap didnt accept pre 1789 borders
Second treaty of Paris
far more punitive of france - reparations, Saarland
100 days
resulting in second exile to St Helena
ideas of Concert of Europe
Sully in 1638 post 1714 Saint Pierre proposed EU and dispute resolution
Czartoryski -
Ethnic division of Europe
incl Poland, Italian federation based around North Italian state, Greeks and Slav states International league - vs austrian and prussian power. And a congress system of treaties and dispute resolution
Pitt went for a more
balance of power view
- build up, Austria,in Italy and Prussia in Germany/Low countries, Piedmont and Holland. Setting up of Euro Federation
main actors
Metternich
- Diplomatic family of the Rhine and Habsbubrg monarchy, a francophile arranged Marie louise m to Napoleon , a wheeler dealer
Talleyrand
-old nobility, bishop administrator, reformer from within, bishop of the revolution, - rep of Louis XVIII
Hardenberg
-Hannoverian noble who served Prussia as reforming chancellor, clinger to power, supp by Humboldt
Castlereagh
Irish nobility based on East Indian money, talented, duel with Canning (regent at home)
Alexander I
Reformist instincts but pragmatist at home. lost his father to palace murder, second fiddle to Napoleon supp by Czartoryski
All were pragmatists
- victory and defeats, personally touched by French Revolution - M in Strasbourg, lost lands to Napoleon, invaded when Father official in Austrian Netherlands C grand tour of Europe in 1791, jacobin conspiracies in Ireland 1798 -act of union. A. initially imbued the spirit. H enlightened, despotic, liberal reforming all at once
Other Congress Actions
agreements
June 1815
Prussia and Eastern Germany
gets 2.5 souls lost to Poland in Rhineland and parts of Germany - Erfurt, Rhineland Westphalia -Ruhr and retained part of Poland - much greater wealth of resources - distributed with little regard for tradition , Saxony fragmented, national aspirations minimised
statistical committee
to crunch numbers behind re mapping
German confederation
Wars had reduced polities from 300 to 39 - it was a common defence framework, dispute framework, federal diet , estate based local constitutions - middle states punching above weight -
not a federal state,
dominated by Austria
Italy
; Austrian gains in North, Ko2S Bourbon king and papal states - Austrian control of all effectively
Jewish rights
all main leaders supported it but opposed by Hansa and middle states
slavery policies
- Wilberforce pressure on Castlereagh - condemnation - pressured Fance, Spain, Portugal.
Concert system for christian europe
- the basis of international life for more than fifty years
United provinces to include Belgium
as northern bulwark to France
Free navigation
Allies Aims
Russia
New Poland, more say in European affairs
Prussia
expansion in Germany east and west , vengeance for post 1806 treatment
GB
Safeguard Global Strategy / contain but bring in to the tent France, contain Russia/ allow Austria and Prussia some growth, unite Belgium with holland. France key to Balance of Power . legitimacy
Austria
Concessions and alliances to supplement its territory and influence in Italy, keep french out of italy
France
- restore french to top table, restore Bourbons to Naples, protect Saxony from Prussia
Social event
Roll call
5 emperors, 11 princes, 200 high officials, emissaries on their retinues c 60,000 people extra on city of 200,000 people - 300 carriages, 1400 horses , good marriages
814
System of espionage
run by Austrian police - letters , waste paper baskets etc ; Baron Altensteig ; daily briefings
celebration
of the defeat of Napoleon
Duchess of Courland
and her daughters entangled with Metternich, Talleyrand, Alexander and Czartoryski - one point Metternich even bribed and offered a woman of rank DoC by Alexander
Reconstruction of Poland and Saxony
Napoleon had created Grand Duchy in North/ Western Poland from Prussian part - Warsaw, Posnen, etc and freed the serfs there.
Saxony and Poland joint king/duke but separated by Prussian Silesia
Russian poland - initially to reunite poland which they mostly occupied, under russian protectorate and offer prussia, saxony as compensation - liberal constitution, close ties to Russia - opposed by other powers out of fear of Russian domination
Instead A/P/ GB proposed expansion of prussian austrian influence in Germany and a separated Poland
russians feel gb/a are keeping lid on nationa/liberal aspirations
Treaty- possibility of war overe impasse between aus, gb, fr and pr/rus