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white collar crime - Coggle Diagram

- - - - box (1983) - argues that if a company cant achieve its goals of maximising profit it'll employ illegal means to reach them
      - Cinard and Yeager (1980) - found law violations by large companies increased as their financial performance decreased suggesting willingness to 'innovate' to achieve goals
    - - critics argue not all companies who experience strain will turn to crime - some go bust/ re-structure
  - - - critics argue that this doesn't explain whistle blowers in companies - if all members are socialised into deviant values this wouldn't happen
    - - if a company culture justifies crime to achieve corporate goals, employers will be socialised into this criminality
      - techniques of neutralistion are often used - Matza (1957) argue individuals can deviate more easily if they produce justification for their misbehaviour ('the boss told me to do it')
  - - - capitalism has successfully created what box calls a 'mystification' - spread the ideology that C. crimes are less harmful then MC crime
        
        box sees corporations as criminogenic as if 'legitimate profits are blocked' they will resort to illegal techniques
        
        criminogenic - factors leading to crime
    - - critics argue there are many capitalist societies where C. crimes do not occur as much - if capitalism is the cause of CC we should expect to see the same levels in all capitalist areas
  - - - Cicourel (1968) - shows MC are more able to negotiate non-criminal labels for their misbehaviour due to things like elaborated code
      - Nelkon (2012) - argues 'de-labelling' or 'non-labelling' can occur in MC. business and professionals often have the power to avoid labelling with lawyers and accountants
    - - critics argue that there is examples of businesses and organisations being prosecuted and sentenced for corporate crimes
- - - - aim is to further the purposes of the company not for personal gain (eg deliberately miss selling products to increase profit)
        
        financial crimes - keeping money in offshore bank accounts so we cannot regulate incomes/ tax avoidance
        
        crimes against the environment - nuclear power/ waste/ global warming (eg Chernobyl disaster)
        
        crimes against customer - miss selling products to make profit (eg baby milk scandal)
        
        state crime - government officially committing crimes (eg the challenger disaster or invasion of iraq/ Afghanistan in 2003)
        
        crime against employers - not paying for treating employers legally
      - less seen/ heard about
        
        marxist would argue that is due to the capitalist control over the way MC thinking - making corporate crimes seen not real, ensuring FCC is maintened and corporate crimes can continue
        
        methods used
        
        lack of political will - lack of political focus on C. crimes 'getting touch on crime'/ zero tolerance policies are focused on street crime
        
        crimes are often complex - usually highly thought out and technical, people prosecuting/ investigating don't know all laws surrounding what is a CC and what's not - making charging/ sentencing more difficult
        
        the media - little coverage to corporate crime so people don't think its happened
        
        de-labelling -the ruling class can afford to pay their way out - good accounts and lawyers
        
        under-reporting - people often don't realise they are a victim, if they do they may also feel powerless against 'high end' crimes
    - - crimes committed in their employment for personal gain (eg stealing from work) - abuse of trust
        
        eg - Harrold Shipman (doctor of death)