Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
ABSOLUTISM AND THE END OF HISPANIC DOMINANCE, image, image, image, image,…
ABSOLUTISM AND THE END OF HISPANIC DOMINANCE
Absolutism and the Parliamentary System
Absolutism: France under Louis XIV
17th century
Authoritarian monarchies of some kingdoms developed into absolute monarchies.
They believed that king held absolute power over anybody else
Main proponents of absolutism
Jacques Bossuet and Thomas Hobbes
Bossuet believed that kings had a devine right to power
Hobbes believed that absolutism was the result of a social pact between subjects and a monarchy, in order to guarantee peace and stability.
Absolute monarchies
An ideology defending the king’s supremacy over all others
Growing centralisation of political and administrative decisions in the royal courts and the monarchy’s governmental bodies
a permanent army of professional soldiers, under the orders of the king
a royal treasury able to raise revenue
marginalisation of the courts and parliaments of the estates of the realm
Most representative example of an absolute monarchy
Louis XIV of France
During his reign, the Fronde took place
A series of civil wars, with the nobility, cities and provinces with their parliaments against the king and his supporters.
The king won
Louis was very young, this worried him.
Ordered the construction of a great Royal Palace of Versailles, where the royal court was based
He governed France through a system of councils, which increased in power
Implented an aggressive foreign policy to expand his kingdom
To escape the crowds of the capital because of the Fronde
The Parliamentary System in England
Monarch's power controlled by courts and parliaments
To protect against the absolutist pretension of the monarchy
The Stuart dynasty tried to disassociate itself from Parliament, and establish an absolute monarchy.
English Civil War
Victory of Parliamentary army, led by Cromwell Oliver
Charles I was executed and Oliver Cromwell's dictatorial leadership started
Oliver Cormwell died
The House of Stuart returned to the throne
James II as the head
They tried to impose the absolutism again
New confrontation with the Parliament
Glorious revolution
James II was overthroned
The Parliament chose his daughter Mary II and his husband William III of Orange, the head of the Dutch Republic as the new monarchs.
In condition they will sign the Bill of Rights
The Bill of Rights limited the Monarch's power and recognised the rights of the individuals
Establishment of a constitutional or parliamentary monarchy
English constitutional monarchy
Monarch
Head of state
Called Parliament into session
Appointed the government
Submitted laws for approval
Directed foreign policy
Controled the Church of England
Parliament
Controlled the monarchs
Approved laws
Approved new taves
Controlled government duties
Submitted complains to the monarchs
The English Parliament
Two chambers, called houses
House of Lords
The country’s most important noblemen and the Church of England bishops.
House of Commons
Representatives of the kingdom’s cities and counties.
Changes in the 17th century
Population
Rising death rate in Europe, number of inhabitants decreased
5 main reasons
Poor harvests
Main economic activity was agriculture, a series of poor harvests resulted in famine
Wars
Successive wars broke out, affecting almost the whole continent.
There were large conflicts, such as the Thirty Years’ War and the English Civil War
Epidemics
Malnutrition and effects of successive wars helped the plague
Poor hygiene
Poor hygienic conditions and ineffective medical care contributed to the spread of the plague.
The use of masks was widespreaded
The Little Ice Age
Temperature decreased by 1 degree. It affected crops that resulted in poor harvests
Society
17th century
Major international wars and severe economic problems, in the farming sector and textile industries
Social unrests and popular revolts
Many revolts protested military consciption and the fiscal policy of the monarchies, which increased taxes to finance their armies and win wars
Tax revolts often coincided with food riots
High price of bread led to urban revolts
Atlantic triangular trade
Late 16th to early 19th centuries.
Chartered companies worked in and around the West Indies and the East Indies where they exchanged silver for spices.
Triangular flow of trade was established in the Atlantic.
Textile Sector
Evolved in a similar way as the agricultural sector.
It performed better in the Atlantic region than in the Mediterranean.
Economy remained severely affected by the economic problems of the 16th century.
The craft sectors of England, France and the Dutch Republic grew
Began to export to the American and Asian markets, and thanks to initiatives such as royal manufacturing in France.
The Fight For The Hispanic Dominance
The Thirty Years' War (17th century) 1618
Conflicts between the most important European monarchies continued as they tried to achieve dominance
Began in Holy Roman Empire for religious reasons,
Fernando II, restricted some of the Protestants’ religious freedoms.
1621
Twelve Years’ Truce between the Hispanic Monarchy and the Dutch Republic ended.
The Dutch Republic decided to support the rebel Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire
Denmark, Sweden and France also became involved.
No longer a religious conflict
A fight to make the Hispanic Monarchy recognise the Dutch Republic’s independence.
Struggle for European dominance between France and Spain.
The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
Changes in Europe
The right to religious freedom in the Holy Roman Empire
Formal recognition of the independence of the Dutch Republic.
Modification of the borders of the Holy Roman Empire
France and Sweden received territories.
Peace of the Pyreenes (1659)
France and the Hispanic Monarchy continued the war
The end of Hispanic dominance in Europe was confirmed.
The Thirty Years’ War caused great destruction and many deaths.
Hispanic Kingdoms in The 17th Century
Hispanic dominance was broken, and there was a series of economic and social problems
The kings during this period were known as the Austrias menores.
Political Situation
New way of governing by appointing validos.
King’s favourites, and they were delegated power over government matters.
Most important validos
the Duke of Lerma under Felipe III
Spain made peace with England and the Twelve Years’ Truce with the Dutch Republic was agreed
He was accused of using his power to make himself, his family and collaborators rich, and was dismissed.
the Count-Duke of Olivares under Felipe IV
Much less stable.
Aim
Revive the monarchy’s prestige, maintain its dominance in Europe, promote the Counter-Reformation, and centralise its power.
Reign of Felipe IV
Catalan Revolt
The Principality of Cataluña became independent, and then requested France's help.
Ended in 1659
Spain regained control of the Principality, although the County of Rosellón was ceded to France.
The Portuguese Revolution
Portuguese nobility took advantage of the Catalan Revolt to proclaim John IV of Portugal king
War that resulted in the independence of Portugal and its empire in 1668.
Separatist conspiracies
Plots by the nobility to separate Andalucía and Aragón from Spain were uncovered.
Territories lost by The Hispanic Monarchy
Losses in America
With the conspiracies and revolts Hispanic and Portuguese territories in America were lost
Carlos II also had Validos
Numerous European territories were lost to France during Carlos II’s reign, the kingdoms of the Crown of Aragón and the territories of the Cantabrian coast began to recover economically.
Castilla didn't
Problems of succession
Carlos II had no children the candidates to succeed him were Philip of Anjou and Charles of Austria
Carlos II chose Philip of Anjou as his successor, triggering the War of the Spanish Succession (1700–1713).
The Socio-Economic Situation
Expulsion of the Moriscos
During Felipe III’s reign
The policy of religious uniformity begun by the Catholic Monarchs was fully implemented with the expulsion of the moriscos
The expulsion was motivated by fear that this group would ally with Berber pirates, creating instability on the Peninsula.
It was also to protect the prestige of a monarchy that presented itself as a defender of Catholicism.
The moriscos made up a considerable proportion of the population,particularly in feudal estates, where they specialised in irrigated agriculture.
Many noblemen were opposed to their expulsion, so they were given financial compensation in exchange
Their expulsion had severe repercussions in the territories where they lived, since it took a long time for the population and agricultural yields to recover.
Society
Economic problems and various plague epidemics throughout the century, increased the number of disadvantaged people
Golden Age literature and art provide an excellent insight into the different social groups in Hispanic kingdoms.
Picaros and Mendigos
Survived off charity, by being servants and by robbing or scamming people
Poor Hidalgos
Impoverished members of the lower nobility who refused to work
Bandits or outlaws
Worked in gangs, sometimes with noblemen, to rob people on the road
