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3.4. Language change - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Above: that the spread of (th)- fronting in British English
      - Below: the spread of the glottal stop as a substitute for [t] in final position
- - - - spreads from one individual to another within a social group, and subsequently from one social group to another.
      - spreads from one style to another AND
    - - starts towards the top of the speech community
      - in the most formal style of people in the highest status group – and spreads downwards.
    - - begin in people’s more casual styles. Nonstandard
      - may take a long time to spread, may never gain acceptance by the highest status social groups or in formal speech.
      - Innovating groups who introduce new vernacular sound changes - the middle of the social class range
- - - - they adopt pronunciations by nearby workers: solidarity
      - people in the middle of the pile -the upper working class
        
        networks - combination of openness
        
        a level of density
        
        spread upwards depends on whether it infiltrates the speech of the upper middle class
  - - - women introduce changes towards both prestige and vernacular forms
        
        men tend to introduce more frequently vernacular changes.
    - - Martha’s Vineyard: men lead the change towards the vernacular pronunciation: solidarity
      - Norwich in England, Upper working- class men are leading a sound change away from the RP standard pronunciation. Women, are leading change towards RP in a different vowel.
      - Ucieda, Spain - women’s pronunciation changes towards the standard form as they have seen different lifestyles and been exposed to the standard dialect.
  - - - marginal rather than core members of the groups adopting an innovation.
      - a good chance of adoption - need to be transmitted through different links or bridges.
      - the change will also need to have prestige– whether overt (expressing social status) or covert (expressing solidarity or counter- culture values).
    - - Extensive similarities in the structure of words and use of inflections
      - Easy word- for- word translation.
      - Identical word order