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Which component of urine (“fake”) may have the greatest effect on the…
Which component of urine (“fake”) may have the greatest effect on the absorbing power of a hydrogel polymer?
Urine
What is urine?
Urine is a liquid waste material produced in and excreted by the body.
What is the component of the urine?
Nitrogenous chemicals
Urea
CH₄N₂O
Creatinine
Vitamins
Electrolytes
Potassium
K
Sodium
Nacl
Magnesium
Mg
Chloride
Cl-
Calcium
Ca
Hormones
Why can we not use hormones in fake urine?
Safety concerns
Mimicking the interactions of hormones in the urine solute would be challenging because hormones generally have complex interactions with the body.
Organic acids
Uric acid
C₅H₄N₄O₃.
Other organic compounds
Why do we need to use “fake” urine instead of “natural” urine?
Controlled Variable
The component amount of natural urine could be different on the condition of the person.
It could lead the systematic error
Safety Risk
Natural urine can cause the safety risk because of the virus in it.
It could lead infection to experimenters of the virus
What is the component of "fake" urine?
3.5 g NaCl
9 g Urea
1L Water
1g Glucose
Absorbing power
What is the absorbing power?
Absorbing power is the ability of the material to absorb the amount of liquid. In this experiment, the absorbing power would be the ability of the hydrogen polymer to absorb the component of urine.
How is absorbing power measured?
Volume method
Measure the dimensions of dry polymer samples and soak the samples in a urine solution until the polymer is fully absorbed. Measure the dimensions of swollen samples after absorption. Then, calculate the volume expansion of each sample's swelling ratio based on dimensional changes.
Limitation
Reactivity to environrmental factors
The accuracy of weigh process could be changed by humidity and temperature.
Evaporation of the solution
The solution from the hydrogel polymer samples would evaporate during the experiment time.
Wrong time decision of absorption
The specific time which the polymer has the maximum absorption capacity would be not coincided for all polymers.
Weighing Method
Measure the weight of dry hydrogel polymer samples and measure the weight of the wet hydrogel polymer by being soaked in the urine component after absorption, remove the urine component solution. Then, calculate the difference in weight between the dry hydrogel and wet hydrogel to determine the amount of solution absorbed by each polymer.
Limitation
accuracy of measuring the dimension
The dimension could be inaccurate through the process which is calculating the dimension.
irregular sample shapes
Hydrogel polymer samples may have irregular shapes or uneven surfaces. It contributes impossible to ensure uniform absorption.
Hydrogel polymer
Types of hydrogel polymer
Poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels
PEG hydrogels are widely used to deliver therapeutic biomolecules, due to high hydrophilicity, tunable physicochemical properties, and anti-fouling properties.
Poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) hydrogels
PEO polymers are used as thickeners, lubrication aids, film formers, flocculants and binders in applications including adhesives, coatings, inks, water treatment, ceramics, papermaking, agrochemicals, and electronics.
Organic/inorganic nanocomposite hydrogel
Organic/inorganic nanocomposites are generally organic polymer composites with inorganic nanoscale building blocks. They combine the advantages of the inorganic material such as rigidity and thermal stability and the organic polymer such as flexibility, dielectric, ductility, and processability
What is the hydrogel polymer?
A hydrogel is a type of polymer that can absorb large amounts of water. Hydrogel polymers consist of cross-linked polymer chains that can swell and hold water within their structure without dissolving.
Controlled variables
Amount of water
An unconstant amount of water would affect the dependent variable which is the volume of swollen hydrogel polymer.
Absorption time
Unconstant absorption time would affect the extent of the absorption of hydrogel polymer. Providing a longer absorption time would induce higher absorption of hydrogel polymer.
The amount and size of hydrogel polymer
The unconstant types and amounts of hydrogel polymer would affect the volume of swollen hydrogel polymer. A large amount of the hydrogel polymer would provoke a larger amount of absorption from the urine solute.
Uncontrolled variables
Environmental conditions
Evaporation
Urine solute which is liquid would be used in this experiment so evaporation could happen. Evaporation would cause the smaller amount of rest of urine solute after absorption.
Humidity of the room
Changes in humidity could affect the swelling behaviour and the evaporation rate. Higher humidity leads more urine absorption of hydrogel polymer.
Temperature of the room
Extremely high or low temperature could affect the volume of urine solute that hydrogel polymer absorbs. Higher temperature could increases the
hydrogel polymer
Incomplete mixing
Incomplete mixing of NaCl in the water can result in uneven concentration, affecting absorption.
Hydrogel polymer inconsistencies
Differences in the size and density of the hydrogel can affect its absorption properties.