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How Civil Rights were undermined - Coggle Diagram
How Civil Rights were undermined
Disenfranchisement
Mississipi introduced poll tax, literacy tests and property requirments in 1890s
SC ruled these COnstitutional
AA vote was as little as 2-15% in south
AA vote became less important
meant no1 cared for AA struggle on federal level
Role of Supreme Court in undermining Civil rights
1883 SC ruled Civil Rights Act 1975 Unconstitutional
1890 Lousiana passed law requiring segregated accomodation on trains
1892 Homer Plessy
challanged this and 1896 SC ruled it constitutional
Created idea "seperate but equal"
Cunning v Board of Education
extended segregation to schools
Gave green light to Jim Crow Laws in all walks of life
Milken v Bradley 1974 declared bussing unconstiutional
first SC ruling to rule agianst segreagtion in 20 years
result of more conservative appointmnts by Nixion & Regan such as Cief justice Reiquisht
Racial Violence
Wilmington 1898
idea white supremacy encourgaed violence and 11AA killed with 100s homless
Similar attacks took place in atlanta and new orleans
Lynching spread
by 1930 estimated 2,800 AA lynched
Often matched with collusion by law enforcement which meat no1 involved faced prosecution until 1918
KKK revised in 1915
membership grew 5Mil by 1924 due to economic competition
many high ranking officials were mebers leading to collusion
responsible for countless racial attacks sprading fear
Memebrship fell to 200,000 by 1929 as improving economic conditions had improved tensions
Expanded rapidly in 50s/60s due to advancemnets in civil rights and desegregation
revised in 1915 by William Simmons
Increased violence following WWI due to increased economic comp
attacks in D.C. Tenesse, NC
1919 Chicargo Riots
result of ghettos, violence, segregation in north and treatment after WWI
AA swimmer landed on white only beach sparking 2weeks riots killing 23 AA
Detroit Race Riots 1943
provoked by racial tension & competition for jobs in war industries
cost half a million hours to war industries
FDR had declare state emergency and send in national guard
killled 25 AA $2m in damages
Segregation
During great migration of WWI became consentarted in ghettos
appaling conditions, poor education & health and rife with disease
NY Harlem
Chicargos South SIde
by 1930 82% AA attended black only schools
often underfunded & crowded
forced to serve in segregated units during WWI
french told AA were inferior by American General and should be treated as such
Racism entrenched in war department
would not see the hoped for imporvement in status upon returining home but violence from increased competition
Segregation became more common in north with segregation introduced in all public places following WWI
Served in segregated units during WWII
Homer Plessy 1892 made segregation on trains constitutional
Cunning v Board of Education 1899 extended this to schools giving green light in all walks life
Discrimination
Great Depression 1929
unemployment twice that of whites
last hired first fired
Collapse of cotton prices disproportinately pushed AA into poverty
Agriculture Adjustment Act under FDR made this worse with 200,000 sharecroppers evicted
Segregated AA businesses income fell due to fewer & poorer customers
1900 income was half that of whites due to discrimination
Urban Riots 1965-67
Result of economic situation caused by disrimination
Watts LA 1965 exploded into violence killing 34 AA only ended after 14,000 national guard went in and restored order
38 further riots took place in 66 killing 7 and $5m in damages
67 further 167 outbreaks 66 killed
Eductional prospects still worse by 1990s due to segregation and discrimination
63% AA got high school diplomas compared to 77% whites
11% AA got degrees compared to 21% whites
Federal Government
Southern Manifest 1956
Accused SC abusing its power following Brown 1954
LBJ faliure to address economic situation of AA 1968
didnt follow kerner comissions advie as needed investmnt and support for his Great Society Programme
Vietnam war was diverting reasources and attention
Appointment of conservative SC justices in late 70s and 80s
Nixion used 2nd term to make more conservative appointments following bussing
Resulted in Milken v Bradley 1974 becoming first case in 20 years not to approve segregation
it declared bussing unconstitutional
Regan made more conservative appointments to SC such as William Rechquist as Chief Justice in 1986
Conservative 80s
Regan cut funding to Equal Employment oppurtunity comission by 1984 saw 60% less cases
1984 cut medicare which 20% AA relied on disporportinately affecting them
1988 first president to veto a Civil RIghts Bill but overruled by congress