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Main Reasons for Improvements in AA lives 1890-1990 - Coggle Diagram
Main Reasons for Improvements in AA lives 1890-1990
Federal Governments
Role WWII
FDR signed
Executive order 8802
requiring defence contracts to have provision prohibiting racial discrimination 1941 and established FEPC
Economic opputtunity for AA in war industries with employment in them growing from 3% to 8% by 1945
Double v CAmpaign victory over racist germany must also be matched with victory over racism at home
1M AA earned benefits from GI bill of rights increasing economic status
Truman Signed
Executive Order 9980
Ending discrimination in federal employment
Executive Order 9981
ordered desegregation armed forces
Role of supreme courts in 50s
Tuman 1945-1953
Set up a Comission in 1946 to advise on civil rights and publicly supported their findings which were; end to segregation, make lynching federal crime, PErmanent FEPC
Signed
Executive Order 9980
ending discrimination in federal employment
Signed
Executive Order 9981
ordering desegregation of armed forced
JFK 1961-1963
1961 forced Interstate Comerce Comission to prohibit segregation on buses following freedom riders 1961
Demanded strong civil rights act from congress following Birmingham Alabama in 1963
Appointment of his brother Robert Kennedy was significant he worked for release of Freedom Riders and support for James Mederith MArch
LBJ 1963-1969
Passed Civil Rights ACt 1964
made segregation illegal, federal assistance for desegregation schools, discrimination in employment made illegal, Racial discimination in fed assistance programmes made illegal, Equal Employment Oppurtunities Comission set up to enforce act
Passsed Voting Rights Act 1965 following Selma 1965
banned literacy tests and poll taxes underming states rights in favour of individuals rights
by end 1965 250k AA registered to vote with 72 elected officals by 1980 was only 7% lower than white vote with 2000 AA elected officials
Set up Kerner Comission 1968
found disorder was due to economic struggle AA caused by discrimination in employment and housing reccomending huge federal investment
unlikely to be followed as already asked congress to invest heavily in great society programm, escelation of vietnam war was diverting attention and rasources and many saw urban riots as a law and order problem
INtroduced affirmative action insisted EEOC and Civil RIghts Act 1964 would be useless without these firm measures
Nixion 1968-74
Continued Policy of Affirmative Action
Signed
Executive Order 11578
requiring federal contractors to have affirmative action policies
Supported the Philadelphia Plan 1969 guarenteeing AA access to blue collar jobs through quotas on apprentiships
Introduced Bussing in 1960s taking physicall step towards intergrration as AA were restricted to inner cities
Eisenhower 1953-61
forced to intervene in Little Rock Arkansas 1957
Arkansas Govenor ordered National Guard prevent AA entry to the high school the AA children attempted enter surrounded by howling mob to be turned away, Eisenhower ordered 1000 troops in and nationalised the national guard to enusre AA entered the school and protect them
Response Govenor closed the schools offering private in its place wasnt till 1959 SC ruled this unconstitutional and forced them open again
Civil Rights ACt 1957 passed under his administartion but too weak to acheive anything noteworthy
FDR 1933-45
New Deal Programme
30% AA recived felief from programme
Works Progress Administration employed 1 million AA
1 third federally funded housing under programme went to AA
AA schools and hospitals recived 4x investment between 1933 and 1936 than they had since 1900
Formed the Black Cabinet to advise new deal agencies on racial problems
All this helped imporve the lives AA by imporving economic status lifting them out of poverty and out of ghettos
Signed Executive Order which created the civil rights department in the justice department
Signed
Executive 8802
outlawing discrimination in defence contracts 1941
Great Migration
Saw movement 500k before and 500k AA during WWI
By 1960 6million AA had moved south to north
Caused by
Outbreak WWI causing european immigrant labour shortages making firms look south for workers
Hope of a better life, escaping jim crow laws, lynching and debt peonage
More jobs with better wages could earn what they made in a day in southin an hour in north
Migration North increased value AA vote
60% of AA registered to vote in chicargo by 1930
Elected first alderman in 1915 and first AA congressman in 1928 OScar De Priest
Led to the establishment of AA Unions
A.Phillip Randolph formed the first AA union
Improved wages and conditions for AA which inturn increased their economic status
Cultural Impacts
Increased popularity of Jazz amongst all americans
AA singers and muscicians like Louis Armstrong and Robert Johnson became national figures
Saw AA joining national sports such as JEsse Owens who won gold in 1936 olympics but was denied meet the president unlike white athletes
WWII
Migration Accelerated again during WWII due to employment in war industries
AA employment in war industries rose from 3% in 1942 to 8% in 1945
Tuskegee airman an AA segregated unit that gained publicicty for their bravery and performance in WWII
1944 Army contained 700,000 AA which led to intergration after war Executive Order 9981
1 million AA benefited from GI bill of rights promising better economic future for them
WWII broke down barriers and showed policymakers willingess to act to nonviolent protests
Smith v Allwright 1944
March on Washington 1941
forced Executive Order 8802
Denver, Detroit & Chicargo Sitins 1943
Executive Order 9981
Executive Order 9980
Supreme Court Activism
1905 ruled grandfather Clauses unconstitutional
1917 ruled residential segregation unconstitutional
Gaines v Canada 1938 decl\red seperate but equal had to be truely equal
Smith v Allwright 1944 ruled all white primary elections unconstitutional
1954 Brown v Topeka overturned seperate but equal declaring segregation in schools unconstitutional
1959 ruleed closing of schools to get round desegregation unconstitutional
1956 ruled segregation on buses unconstitutional
1971 Giggs v Duke power 1971 ruled affirmative action constitutional
1974 Alexander v Holmes County ordered desegregation of schools with immediate effect closing loophole of Brown 1954
Pressures of Radicalism
Malcom X 1960s
popularised idea of Black power
supported violent resistnace to white supremacy, rejection of intergration and critisised nonviolent tactics of MLK
was member NOI
Black Panthers set up in 1966
following shooting AA 16 yr old by SanFran police
led by Newton and Seale
was a paramilitary group
surronded california state building in 67 over conceal carry laws and folloed polic patrols
had a marxsist flavour including black sepratism, protection of AA from police
mostly destroyed by 1970 FBI but idea black power had grown in popularity
Meredith March 1966
caused by shooting of SNCC member james meredith
BReakingpoint between SCLC & SNCC
Stokley Carmichael adressed a large crowd calling for black power
SNCC now prepared to condone violence
Led to SNCC expelling white advocates in 1966 followed by CORE in 1968
Urban Riots 1965-67
AA tired of economic and social struggle total 200+ riots took place over the period resulting in death and millions in damages
Radaclism put pressure on the federal government to take action aswell to imporve segregation and discrimination to bring end to violence and radical ideals during "tough" times ie vietnam war etc
Civil Rights Movements
National Association for the Advancemnet of Coloured People (NAACP)
Riots in Springfield 1908 inspired conference in 1909 where NAACP was formed
Founded on manifesto of: Abolishing segregation, Equal voting rights, Improved education for AA, Enforcement of the 14th & 15th Ammendments
Supported by influential figures such as DU Bois and Ida B Wells
Placed Great Importance on court action
NAACP
Won Important Victories in SC
1905 when SC ruled grandfather clauses unconstitutional
1917 When louisville law allowing residential segregation was declared unconstitutional
Gaines v Canada 1938 declared seperate but equal had to be truely equal allowin for NAACP to sue for higher AA wages
Smith v Allwright 1944 SC ruled all white primarys unconstiutional
allowed AA to vote in democratic party primarys and select presidential candidates making AA vote slightly more importanant however still couldnt actually vote
Brown v Topeka1954 Browns daughter had travel 21 blocks go to segregated school wehn white 1 closer NAACP took his case
Brown 1954 supreme court overturned seperat but equal with SC accepting is was psychlogically harmful and declaring segregation in schools unconstitutional
Was result of more liberal appointments to SC such as Chief Justice Warren
Now suggested segregation was unconstitutional in all walks of life
700 schools desegregated but fewer than 12% in south as they resisted
Resulted in Clinton 1956 where white mobs terrorised AA children trying to gain entry to schools national guard had to be sent in by Eisenhower
Resulted in Southern Manifesto being signed by southern politicians accusing SC abusing its power in 1956
Montgomery Bus Boycott 1955, NAACP activist Rosa PArks refused give up her seat and arrested NAACP organised a boycott as nonviolent response
Proved effective as AA mainly reiied on buses and significantly hurt bus revenue
MLK emerged as a leader of boycott and became widely known due to his oratory skills hed be arrested with 100s others during boycott
It attracted nationwide coverage lasting nearly a year
1956 SC ruled segregation on buses unconstitutional removing segregation and brought end to the boycott
Phillip A. Randolph
Organised march on Washington 1941 with 1.2m AA to embaress FDR. would have been propaghanda exercise for US enemies if happened
Led to FDR signing Executive Order 8802 which meant every defence contract between gov and industry must have provision prohibiting racial discrimination and founded FEPC Fair Employment Practices Comission
Organised March on washington 1963 where 250,000 gathered to hear MLK i have a dream speech which proved highly influential but had no affect on congress as JFK civil rights bill was stuck in delays and obstruction such as fillurbustering
Double V campaign
War with NAzis was war with racist regime
campaign meant in order for their to be victory over racist germany must be victory over racism at home
NAACP membership grew from 50k to 500k in this period
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
Founded in 1942 with beleif in nonviolent protests an alternative to NAACP court action
Organised sit ins in detroit, denver and chicargo in 1943 resulting in desegregation of resturants and cinimas
Freedom Rides 1961 targeted interstate buses that hadnt desegregated following 1956 SC ruling by riding on scheduled buses saw savage reaction with 1 bus being petrol bombed and another beaten by police with scores arrsted
was highly publicised and embaressed JFK administration that forced Interstate Comerce Comission to prohibit segregation in 1961
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
founded in 1957 by MLK taking more direct nonviolent approach
Birmingham Alabama 1963, most segregated city in US MLK decided to target it to ensure public attention, provoked expected reaction with water cannons and dogs being used on protestors KIng wa arrested
MLK letter from birmingham jail became highly influential and a effective defence for nonviolent protests
resulted in JFK asking congress for strong civil rights act
Selma 1965, MLK targeted selma as only 350 AA registered to vote there Feb 3k protestors including MLK arrested and widley publicised in march divisons began shown between SNCC and SCLC with SCLC wanting wait for ban on match and SNCC marching anyway facing violnce SC lifted ban SCLC joined SNCC on a 4 day march from selma to montgomery
resulted in Johnson demanding Voting Rights Act 1965 from congress reflecting public mood
Highlighted divisions in movement
Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
1960 Greenboro sit ins 4 SNCC activists entered NC greensboror woolworths protesting segregated lunch counters, wave similar sit ins took place with 70,000 partaking showing great coordination if 1 was aressted another took its place led to desegregation of woolworths
parents blamed the SNCC for their childrens arrest and expulsion from college
NAACP condoned what itc deemed milatant tactics
Selma 1965 divisions began show between SNCC and SCLC with SNCC marching under John Lewis in march 1965 facing police brutality which was televised and outraged millions
resulted in Voting Rights Act 1965
Highlighted divisions in movement
worked bravely to increase AA voter registration in Freedom summer 1964 would face violence from KKK with 3 activists killed in missisipi
Meredith March 1966
Carmaichael called for black power and prepared condone violence
SNCC expelled white advocates in 1966 followed by CORE in 1968
breaking point between SCLC and SNCC
Removal of Jim Crow Laws