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Biology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - a hard, skeleton that is external to the body and protects the outer surface of the organism
      - scorpion
    - - an internal skeleton that allows an organism to move by attaching to muscles
      - humans
      - horse
    - - slugs
  - - - cannot move
      - skull
    - - allow 180° rotation
      - elbow
    - - hip
    - - allow 360° rotation
      - Foot
  - - - Antagonistic muscles
  - - - soft, spongy, connective tissue that cushions the end of your joints
      - It also makes up other parts of your body like your nose, ears, and trachea
  - - - held together by ligaments
    - - holds us upright
      - connected to the muscles which contract and relax
        
        allow us to move around
    - - parts of the skeleton surround vulnerable organs
      - Skull protect brain + eyes
      - Ribs protect the heart + lungs
    - - makes blood cells
  - - - help support the plant
      - long hollow tubes that are waterproof
      - have tough structure caused by a molecule called Lignin
      - Vessel
        
        10x thinner than a hair strand
      - Millions in a plant
      - The cells that make it up are dead
    - - helps provide the plant with products of photosynthesis, sugars and amino acids
      - Cells are living as they need energy to transport substance both up and down the plant
- - - - sperm cell fusing with the egg cell
    - - 70%
        
        Water
      - 30%
        
        Chemicals
        
        15% - Proteins
        
        4% - small molecules
        
        6% - RNA
        
        2% - Phospholipids
        
        1% - DNA
        
        2% - Polysaccharides
      - After water, Proteins are the second largest chemical component of living orgaisms
      - DNA makes proteins -> major reason we have DNA
    - - Structural
      - Hormones ( chemical messengers)
      - Immune response
      - Enzymes that speed up (catalyse) nearly all the reactions in a biological system
    - - DNA
        
        RNA
        
        Protein
        
        made by ribosomes following the instructions in the RNA
        
        short copy of a section of DNA
        
        found in the nucleus and carries the genetic information
        
        Deoxyribonucleic acid
    - - Functions
        
        to copy itself when a cell divides
        
        to store genetic information
        
        to control characteristics
      - Structure
        
        double helix
        
        Deoxyribose sugars phospate backbone and a nitrogenous base
      - Base pairs
        
        Adenine (A) + Thymine (T)
        
        Guanine (G) + Cytosine (C)
        
        Complementary base parings
    - - a length of DNA a few hundred bases long that controls a particular characteristic
      - Humans have around 20,000 genes
        
        The Human Genome
      - control characteristics by making proteins
        
        Gene expression
      - Different forms of a gene cause different forms of the characteristic
        
        Like blue / brown eyes
        
        Alleles
    - - Nucleus
        
        the part of the cell that contains the genetic material made of the chemical DNA
      - Chromosome
        
        a structure of made of DNA carrying a large number of genes
      - Gene
        
        a secton of genetic material (DNA) coding for a protein
      - Allele
        
        a different form of one gene
      - Gamete
        
        a cell with a single set of chromosomes
  - - - Nucleotides
        
        bond together via the phosphate and the sugar forming the sugar phosphate backbone
  - - - a cell with a pair of each chromosome
    - - a cell with only one of each chromosome
    - - when the genotype has two of the same alleles e.e. two blue alleles
    - - when the genotype has two different alleles e.g. a blue alleles and a brown allele
  - - - Gene
        
        protein
      - Genotype
        
        phenotype
      - mutations in the genetic sequence can change the function of the protein and therefore the phenotype presented
        
        Benign
        
        hair colour / eye colour
        
        Serious
    - - caused by a faulty allele normally involved in mucus production
      - sufferers produce large amounts of sticky mucus which affects the lungs, digestive sytem + reproductive system
      - treated with antibiotics, enzymes + physio
      - caused by a recessive allele
      - Heterozygous individuals
        
        have working copy of the gene
        
        do not show symptoms but can still pass the faulty allele to their children
        
        carriers
      - no cure
        
        gene therapy may provide a solution in the future
      - Genetics
        
        caused by mutations in the CFTR gene
        
        both must be mutated to cause disease
        
        50% of offspring will be carriers
    - - Nervous system
      - muscle spasms + death
      - Incurable
      - Caused by a dominant allele
  - - - contains around 350 genes
      - only carries genes associated with men
      - small
    - - contains around 1500 genes
      - genes not specifically used for the development of female traits
    - - Punnet square
        
        calculate probability that certain characteristics will appear in the offspring of 2 parents.
- - - - Living factors in an ecosystems
    - - Non-living factors in an ecosystem
  - - - Desert
      - Tropical Rainforests
      - Temperate Deciduous Forest
      - Coniferous Forest (Taiga)
      - Temperate Grassland
      - Tundra
      - Mediterreanean
      - Savanna Grassland
    - - a community of animals, plants, micro-organisms, non-living things and their shared environment
    - - two or more populations of organisms
    - - the place where an organism lives
    - - The position of an organism in a food chain, food web or pyramid.
  - - - the world's most endangered plants and animals
      - international trade - completely banned apart from in very special situations
      - The tree pangolin
    - - Species that are not yet threatened with extinction, but could be at risk if unlimited trade were allowed.
      - they can be traded but there are strict rules
      - also included - look-alike species that closely resemble those already on te list for conservative reasons
      - Darwin's orchid
    - - Species whose trade is only managed within a specific country
      - That country might need cooperation from the other nations to help to prevent exploitation
      - four-horned antelopes living in Nepal