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History, parish - area which the church looks after - Coggle Diagram
History
What were women campaigning for in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century?
Role of women
Private and public sphere
Private Sphere
The private realm of family life
Public Sphere
Where the free discussion and debate of political and social issues occur.
Demands made by women for the vote in the late 19th century
Politics and government
1914
Women could not vote or stand to be MPs in general elections
Many women wanted to vote and had been campainging to get it for years
Hot topic of debate at the time
Some men supported womens suffrage
Some women said they shouldn't be allowed to vote
1903
Emmeline Pankhurst
founded WSPU (Women's Social and Political Union) to campaign for the vote
WSPU used extreme tactics
gain publicity
Chain women
Hunger strikes
Education
Rich women
went to school / private tutors
subjects like dancing, languages, embroidery and housekeeping
learn to be a good wife
Not allowed to get a degree from most universities
Very few ever made it into professional jobs - doctors, lawyers etc.
Poor women
might not go to school unless there was enough money
Eldest boy would be sent first before any girl
Most girls started working from a young age and help their mothers with housework and cooking
Employment
Women were limited to a set of 'respectable jobs'
Middle class
Running the house and having guests
Maybe working in an office
Upper class
Involved in local charity work
helped run local council services for the poor
Running the house and having guests
Maybe working in an office
Women were expected to be quiet and do as they were told
Working class
Back-breaking labour for low pay
Worked in many areas
miners
washers
servants
seamstresses
teachers
factory workers
Health risks attached
A married women had to have permission from husband to have a job
Social
Everything to do with the house was women's work
cooking
washing
cleaning
tidying
childcare
Most people thought that the most important thing a women could do was to have children
Women had very few legal rights
Married Women's Property Acts of 1870 and 1882
They could keep property and earnings for themselves
The husband controlled the family finances
Extremely difficult for women to get a divorce
if they did, husband could keep some of their property and take away their children
married quite young
17-19 yr old
How did the Industrial Revolution change lives?
Work and impact of different social reformers
Charles Booth
Issue
Poverty - where poor + wealthy people live
25% lived in poverty
How
Map of poverty
Surveys
1886-1903
Impact
Social housing
Cleared slums to create social housing estates
Boundary estate
Thomas Barnardo
Issue
Poor children in poverty
How
Set up homes and provided shelter, food + education
Taught useful skills to help earn a living
Impact
Opened 96 homes and cared for thousands of children
Elizabeth Fry
Issue
Awful conditions in prisons
Homelessness
How
Brought clean clothes + blankets
Taught them how to read and make money
Seperated male + female
Impact
Other prisons followed her lead
Organised campaigns
Face on old £5 note
Prisons act 1835
Prison inspectors
Central control
Henry Mayhew
Issue
Poverty
Homelessness
How
Wrote books, magazines, articles, documentaries
"Punch" - cartoons
10,000 coppies per week
Book
"London labour and London poor"
Impact
Raised awareness
Indoor and Outoor relief
Indoor Relief
the workhouse, which was greatly feared
Outdoor Relief
food and money given to those at home, but which carried great social stigma
Workhouses
During 19th Century, upper and middle classes became more aware of the conditions whch the poor lived and worked in
They agreed the conditions should be improved, but not how to improve them
Before Victorian era
each parish took care of their poor
people who were not fit to work were given small sums of money
children were trained in a trade to then find work
poor people who were fit to work were given either indoor or outdoor relief
Upper + middle classes
industrialise
growth
growth in city populations
poor
find jobs
parishes in cities became overwhelmed
cannot serve everyone
too many people
The Poor Law (1601)
provided almshouses
for people too old/ill to work
beggars (who could work but chose not to) were sent to perform hard labour/prison
poor orphans
apprentices
learn trade
support themselves
gave money to those whose wages were too low
New Poor Law (1834)
fix flaws of old poor law
no more outdoor relief
could no longer simply get aid
people who needed help
workhouse
work for food/shelter/education
designed to be unappealing
British society
poverty is a result of laziness
Life in a Workhouse
children were sent to school
strict timetable - same every day
families were seperated
workhouse food was boring; 3 meals per day
place of last resort
men did heavy manual work
women had to cook, clean, scrub laundry
uniform - no change of clothes
if you broke the rules, you were punished
Legislation (laws) introduced by the Government to improve factory conditions
Problems addressed by 1901
Women's working hours reduced to 10 hours
Children -> no one under 12 could work
2 hours of school per day
Not addressed by 1901
Safety
Men's hours were unlimited
Wages were still low
Need to enforce laws
Observations
helped women and children workers in factories
working reduced hours
1833
2 hours of schooling each day
no child workers under 9 could work
9-13 had reduced hours
factory inspections
1844
no night shift for women and children
1847
women and children under 18 could not work more than 10 hours per day
1901
minimum age raised to 12
Conclusion
The reduced hours and minimum age raise would have helped the workers on the cards
The wages were still low and the working conditions were very dangerous
Men were not addressed
parish - area which the church looks after