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Agencies Contributions to Social Control - Coggle Diagram
Agencies Contributions to Social Control
Institutional Tactics
Behavioural Tactics
Token Economies
Based on Skinner's theory on Operant Conditioning and Positive Reinforcement. Offenders are given 'tokens' for good behaviours not just not being bad which can then be exchanged for rewards
How are Token Economies Effective
They can make prisoners more manageable while in prison.
Serious offenders are ‘buddied’ with an adult volunteer who provides reinforcement for socially acceptable behaviours.
How are Token Economies Ineffective
Impact is short term. Positive impact on behaviour stops working when people are released from prison.
Doesn’t work if prisoners get greater rewards from fellow inmates for not adhering to desired behaviour.
Although Token economies are effective in maintaining social control in prisons once released the reinforcement stops meaning the offender is likely to reoffend. However the reoffence is slower than those who have not taken part in the programme
ASBO's - Antisocial Behavioural Order
Introduced by the Labour government in 1995 to deal with vandalism, graffiti and public drunkeness.
people wore them as a badge rather than a negative label
They were civil orders not criminal orders, designed to restrain a person from a person from committing an offence.
They last a minimum of 2 years.
They were replaced with CBO's.
CBO'S
Criminal behaviour orders
replaced as part of the crime and policing 2014
injunctions- aim to deal with low-level nucance and annoyance. breaching an injuction can mean up to two years in prison
deal with serious anti-social individuals who cause harassment, alarm or distress to others.
CBO's can forbid a person from doing something such as seeing a person or engaging in certain activities
a CBO can require a person to something positive to improve their behaviour. such as a person who has committed a drug related offence may be required to join a drug treatment programme
Environmental Design
Alice Coleman
analysed 4,999 blocks of flats and found that poor designs encouraged and increased crime
Crime features that encourage crime:
Lack of Surveillence
Anonymity
Easy Escape
what she recommended
removal of overhead walkways
gardens to be added to each flat
stairwells should be attached to buildings
Oscar Newman
Defensible space
- a residential environment whose physical characteristics function to allow the inhabitants ants to become key agents in ensuring security.
Territoriality
Natural surveillance
- residence can see their neighbourhood
Image
- physical attractiveness
Milieu
- (surroundings) making the most of a location will help to prevent crime
Oscar Newman said that in places such as hallways, lifts and staircases that belong to no-one housed 55% of crime.
Gated lanes
Alleyways are gated at either end to prevent those who don’t need them from using them, keys are given to legitimate users. This method helps to maintain social control as the location in which crime takes place is being protected therefore reducing crime. However it may simply push crime to other less protected areas causing more crime in other locations. The use of gated communities also creates a secure environment for residents therefore reducing victims of crime.
bad things
prevents emergency services from entering the community within the gates
doesnt prevent crime within the gates e.g domestic abuse or drug related crimes
doesnt prevent crime just moves it to poorer areas
good things
protects the space and prevents loitering
creates a safer space for residents reducing victims of crime