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globalisation - Coggle Diagram
globalisation
THE ACCELERATION OF GLOBALISATION
economic globalisation:
the growth of transnational corporations accelerates cross border exchanges; information and communication technology supports the growth of complex spatial divisions of labour; online purchasing has now been made available
social globalisation:
international immigrants have created extensive family networks; global improvements in education and health; social interconnectivity has grown due to the internet and mobile phones
cultural globalisation:
cultural traits come to dominate in some territories; glocalisation and hybridisation occur as old local cultures merge; people keep in touch using social media
political globalisation:
the growth of trading blocks allows TNCs to merge; global concerns such as free trade; international companies work together to harmonise national economies
TNCs ( transnational corporations )
are businesses where operations are spread across the world, operating in many nations as makers and sellers of goods and services
global flows and networks
these show the connections between places which represent different kinds of network flow
capital
flows are routed daily through the world's stock markets. businesses buy and sell money in different countries to make profits
commodities
are valuable, raw materials such as fossil fuels, food and minerals traded between nations
information
through the internet has brought real-time communication between distant places, allowing goods and services to be bought at the click of a button
tourists
boost economies from transport, accommodation, restaurants, attractions...
migrants
face the greatest number of obstacles due to border controls and immigration laws.
intermodal containers
are large-capacity storage container units which can be transported long distances through the use of shipping and railways without the freight being taken out of the container
time-space compression
heightened connectivity changes out conception of itme, distance and potential barriers to the migration of people, goods, money and information
this effect causes places to begin to feel closer together then in the past
ICT and mobile phone use
these important aspects of globalisation is the way that it can make us think of the world as a potentially borderless place
the development of this has allowed for citizens, businesses and states to better interact with one another
easy jet
began as a small venture running flights solely within the UK, however now most of Europes major cities are interconnected via it's cheap flight network
in 1996, flights to Barcelona were introduced and then the company expanded with now over 1000 flight routes
by 2020 the company owned 337 airplanes, carrying 96 million people that year and bringing revenues of £6.4 billion
the first
telegraph cables
across the Atlantic in the 1860s replace a three week boat journey with instantaneous communication
with the advent of
broadband internet
in the 1980s, large amounts of data could be moved quickly through cyberspace
the first global positioning system
( GPS )
launched in the 1970s continuously broadcast time data throughout the world, allowing for deliveries to be tracked
international organisations
THE IMF
loans from rich nations to countries that apply for help
recipients in return agree to run free market economies open to outside investment
TNCs can enter these countries more easily
rules and regulations can be controversial especially the strict financial conditions imposed on borrowing governments
THE WORLD BANK
lends money on a global scale
also gives direct grants to developing countries
it imposes strict conditions on its loans and grants
THE WTO
advocates trade liberalisation, especially for manufactured goods and askes countries to abandon protectionist attitudes
failed to stop the world's richest countries from subsidising their own food producers
harmful to farmers in developing countries who want to trade on a level playing field
national governments
free-market liberalisation
follows two simple beliefs; government intervention within markets creates economic development, and as overall wealth increases, the trickle-down effect will take place from the richest members to the poorest
privatisation
allows foreign investors to gain a stake in privatised national services and infrastructure
tariffs
are the taxes that are paid when importing or exporting goods and services between countries
trade blocs
are voluntary international organisations that exist for trading purposes, bringing greater economic strength and security
special economic zones
are industrial areas often near a coastline, where favorable conditions are created to attract foreign TNCs. these include low tax rates and exemption from tariffs and export duties
GEOGRAPHICAL IMPACTS OF GLOBALISATION
THE DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES OF GLOBALISATION
the term "globalisation" is used to describe a variety of ways in which places and people are now more connected with one another