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concept map, modes of energy activities, images :, download, download (1),…

- - - - cytoplasm
        
        the nucleus and endomembrane system
        
        ER
        
        rough
        
        protein synthesis and sorting
        
        smooth
        
        detoxification, carbohydrate metabolism, calcium balance, synthesis and modification of lipids
        
        plasma membrane
        
        synthesis of membrane components
        
        synthesis of transmembrane proteins (ER membrane )
        
        synthesis of lipids (at the cytosolic leaflet of smooth ER )
        
        glycosylation
        
        glycolipid
        
        glycoprotein
        
        fluidity of membrane
        
        lipid rafts
        
        unique proteins
        
        imp for endocytosis and cell signaling
        
        high concentration of cholesterol
        
        lipids movement
        
        laterally
        
        flip-flop (needs ATP)
        
        rotation
        
        factors affecting fluidity
        
        presence of double bonds
        
        length of fatty acyl tails
        
        presence of cholestrol
        
        transport by vesicles
        
        exocytosis
        
        endocytosis
        
        pinocytosis
        
        phagocytosis
        
        receptor mediated endocytosis
        
        membrane structure
        
        phospholipid bilayer
        
        hydrophobic (faces in )
        
        hydrophilic (faces out)
        
        proteins bound to membrane
        
        integral
        
        2 more items...
        
        peripheral
        
        membrane transport
        
        selectively permeable
        
        tonicity
        
        3 more items...
        
        osmosis
        
        3 more items...
        
        cells maintain gradient
        
        2 more items...
        
        transport proteins
        
        2 more items...
        
        ways to move across membrane
        
        2 more items...
        
        golgi apparatus
        
        modification, sorting, secretion of lipids and proteins
        
        lysosomes (only animal cells)
        
        macromolecules degradation
        
        autophagy
        
        vacuoles(not in animal cells)
        
        contractile (expelling excess water)
        
        phagocytic (degradation)
        
        central (storage and support)
        
        peroxisomes
        
        hydrogen peroxide and harmful molecules breakdown
        
        nuclear envelop
        
        enclosing nucleus
        
        nuclear pores provide passageways
        
        nucleus
        
        nucleolus
        
        ribosome assembly
        
        chromatin
        
        DNA and protein
        
        ribosome
        
        polypeptide synthesis
        
        semiautonomous organelles (have their own DNA, divide by binary fission)
        
        mitochondria
        
        primary role to make ATP
        
        chloroplasts
        
        primary role to do photosynthesis
        
        cytosol
        
        region for metabolic activities
        
        catabolism ( breakdown)
        
        anabolism (synthesis)
        
        cytoskeleton
        
        microtubules
        
        intermediate filaments
        
        actin filaments
  - - - cell wall
      - glycocalyx
      - appendages (pilli, flagella)
      - ribosomes
      - nucleoid region ( no nucleus)
      - cytoplasm
- - - - cleavage
      - energy libration
      - energy investment
  - - - CO2 is removed from each pyruvate
      - remaining acetyl group attached to CoA TO MAKE acetyl CoA
      - Broken down pyruvate by pyruvate dehydrogenase
  - - - lactic acid fermentation
        
        produces 2 ATP
      - alchoholic fermentation
        
        produces 2 ATP
  - - - series of steps release the NET
      - Oxaloacetate is generated to start the cycle again
      - Acetyl is removed from Acetyl CoA and attached to oxaloacetate to form citrate
  - - - TYPICALLY REQUIRES O2
      - Oxidative process involves electron transport chain
      - phosphorylation occurs by ATP synthase
      - high energy e-s removed from NADH AND FADH2 TO MAKE ATP
- - - - building blocks are amino acids
      - structure
        
        secondary (a helix and B sheets)
        
        Ionic bonds
        
        hydrophobic effect
        
        van der Waals forces
        
        H bonds
        
        disulfide bridge
        
        tertiary (sec + random coiled region fold) one polypeptide)
        
        primary (linear)
        
        quaternary structure (2 or more polypeptides)
    - - disaccharides
        
        sucrose
        
        lactose
        
        maltose
      - polysaccharides
        
        energy storage
        
        starch
        
        glycogen
        
        structural
        
        chitin
        
        glycosaminoglycans
        
        cellulose
      - monosaccharides
        
        fractose
        
        galactose
        
        glucose
    - - fats
        
        glycerol and 3 fatty acids
        
        the fatty acids are
        
        saturated
        
        unsaturated
      - steroids
        
        4 interconnected rings of C atoms (for example ) cholesterol
      - phospholipids
        
        glycerol and two fatty acids
      - waxes
    - - DNA
        
        deoxyribose
        
        T,A,G,C
        
        2 STRANDS , 1 FORM
      - RNA
        
        ribose
        
        U,A,G,C
        
        1 STRAND , SEVERAL FORMS
  - - - sructural
      - stereoisomers
        
        Cis - trans
        
        Enantiomers (mirror image)
- - - - Electrons move linearly from PSIl to PHOTOSYNTHESIS NADPH at the end of their journey.
      - Equal quantities of both ATP and NADPH are produced.
  - - - .
        
        Evolved a mechanism to minimize respiration
        
        C4 plants make oxaloacetate (4 carbon molecule) in the first step of carbon fixation
        
        Hatch-Slack pathway
        
        Leaves have two-cell layer organization
        
        Mesophyll cells
        
        Bundle-sheath cells
    - - .
        
        Some C4 plants separate processes using time
        
        Crassulacean Acid Metabolism
        
        CAM plants open their stomata at night
        
        CO2 enters and is converted to malate
        
        Stomata close during the day to conserve water
        
        Oxaloacetate converted to malate
        
        Malate broken down into CO2 to drive Calvin cycle during the day
    - - most plants
        
        Rubisco functions as a carboxylase
        
        RuBP + CO2 → 2 3PG
        
        C3 plants make 3PG
        
        Rubisco can also be an oxygenase
        
        Adds O2 to RuBP eventually releasing CO2
        
        This is called photorespiration
        
        Using O2 and liberating CO2 is wasteful
        
        More likely in hot and dry environments
        
        Favored when CO2 low and O2 high