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Mao's rise to power - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Hundred Days of Reform, initiatives to modernise the bureau, the armed forces and the transport system
        
        Reforms were halted by a coup of Dowager Empress Cixi 1861
  - - - Yuan Shikai banned the Guomindang (Chinese naitonalist Party) when they won parliamentary elections
      - Parliamentary was shut down and he begun ruling China as he were an emperor
      - Worst of all, he submitted to the "Twenty-one demands" imposed on China by Japan -> he did not oppose foreign influence, and Japan got Shangdong and rights to exploit mineral resources in Manchuria
      - Shikai died in 1916, leaving China weak and divided
- - - - Despite ideological differences, GMD and CCP agreed on the goal to defeat the warlords and get rid of foreign influence (both which were also needed for a communist revolution
      - CCP was inferior to GMD, but soon CCP membership and support begun to rise
        
        Mao was becoming more active within the GMD and CCP in Shanghai, returning to Hunan in 1926 to organise peasant associations to support campaigns against warlords
        
        Mao was less concerned for the national CCP issues, but among the Hunan peasants he was seen as their leader against the warlords -> would play a significant part in Mao's rise to leadership
      - GMD's support also increased, supported by the establishment of the Whampoa military academy, under the command of JIang JIeshi, who provided GMD military support
        
        After Sun Yatsen dies in 1925, Jiang Jieshi became the Guomindang's leader, and he became suspicious of the CCP and also aware of his rival Wang JIngwei in the GMD who was much more Left-leaning and possibly more intent on preserving the United Front than Chiang Kaishek
        
        The Northern Expedition 1926-28
        
        Campaign of the Chinese Nationalist army (then allied with the communists) that advanced north from Guangzhou (Canton) to the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) battling warlord forces
        
        Within months, GMD/CCP forces took Nanjing and Shanghai, however, JIang arranged deals with several warlords in exchange they support GMD
        
        Tensions within the First United Front begun to show: communist activism, which was a big part of the success of the Northern Expedition, were seen as a threat by Jiang that would undermine his middle-class support, and Wang Jiangwei also launched a bid for supremacy
      - The White Terror 1927
        
        Jiang wanted to establish supremacy in GMD and with the support of landlords, warlords, secret societies, criminal organisations, Western groups in China, used military force to "purge" communists in Shanghai
        
        The United Front collapses and Wang Jiangwei reduces his claim to the throne
        
        Establishment of a national government in Nanjing
        
        Manchurian warlord Zhang Zoulin seized Berlin and joined forces with GMD
  - - - CCP took land from landlords and distributed it among peasants and after 1931 became more extreme when land was confiscated from richer peasants
      - Strenghtened Mao's position
    - - He executed 4000 Red Army troops he thought to be as rebels plotting against him
  - - - He used methods such as the blockhouse strategy
    - - This was used for propaganda purposed, since CCP had shown resilience, once again
      - Famous episodes such as Mao and his troops crossing the threadbare Luding Bridge when 22 soldiers swung across the Dadu RIver gorge while under fire
      - There is evidence that Mao was not the initial leader of the Long March, or even selected to take part of it: in a CCP conference in 1935, Mao made a crucial comeback and outmanoeuvered his opponents, like Otto Braun and the Comintern members, and took military control of the First Front Army
        
        This was a disappointment to the Soviets, who argued that there was not a fair vote: although this was a significant change, Mao's leadership of CCP was not a foregone conclusion
- - - - MASS LINE TACTIC
        
        The Six Principles of the Red Army
        
        Rice stalk mattresses must all be bundled up and returned
        
        Be polite. Help people when you can
        
        Give back everything you borrow, even if it is only a needle.
        
        Pay for all things broken, even if it is only a chopstick.
        
        Don't help yourself or search for things when people are not in their house
        
        Put Back all doors when leaving a house
        
        Land distribution, rent controls and campaigns against corruption and improvements in literacy helped to win over peasants, as well as bourgeoisie and industrial workers
      - Nationalist stance against Japan
        
        Won popular support and membership of CCP rose from 40 000 in 1937 to 1945 1.2 million
    - - Mao's philosophical and ideological works in Yanan
      - Mao Zeodong Thought= CCP ideology
        
        A sinified version of Marxism, that stressed how the peasant masses in China were capable of overthrowing feudalism and creating a socialist society, which went against Karl Marx who had written peasantry as incapable of revolutionary conciousness
        
        Comintern was against Mao's ideas
        
        Mao saw the Chinese Communist revolution not as a class movement, but as a national one
    - - Methods rooting out opposition
        
        "Rectification campaigns" in 1942
        
        Suspected disloyalty was forces to confess their "crimes" and were stripped out of their possessions
        
        Strict censorship rules between Yanan and outside
        
        "Self-criticism" was encouraged for people to tell their doubts and secrets, but too much of it resulted in demotion and punishment
        
        Became acceptable, partly through fear and Mao's potential ideological arguments
        
        A leadership cult began to emerge in 1943, and Mao adopted titles of Chairman of the Communist Central Committee and Chairman of the Politburo
- - - - Zhang Xueliang, Jiang's second in command, refused Jiang's orderd to attack the communists and placed Jiang in house arrest
      - Mao sent Zhang a letter, urging him to bring an end to the civil war and unite with the communists to defeat Japan, which Jiang reluctantly agreed to
  - - - 1941, GMD armies turned on communist armies in south, losing Jiang vital support at home and abroad
    - - GMD troops were selling food on the black market, rice sacks full of sand
      - GMD troop condition was terrible and morale was down
        
        Many tried to flee at night, so were tied up
      - Peasant conscripts were sick and starving
      - Jang used secret police to arrest and execute civilians
      - The declining economy was damaging the middle-class cities where GMD drew its support from
      - Inflation, which Jiang made worse by printing more money, leading to hyperinflation
      - All of this strenghtened Mao's position
    - - The Chinese Civil War, 1945-49
        
        GMD had air force and outnumbered the CCP army by 4/1 and had better equipment for conventional battle, and even the Soviet Union recognised the GMD as the legitimate government
        
        USSR was providing aid and military assistance to the GMD
        
        GMD also controlled most of the larger cities, and by 1947 it had also taken Yanan from the communists, but in 1948 the situation evened out
        
        Weapons from the former Russian occupation forces (taken from the Japanese armies) found themselves at the hands of the Communists
        
        Guerrillla tactis
        
        CCP got control of northern China and incursed into other cities, despite Stalin's orders they should be given to GMD
        
        CCP troops equaled to GMD
        
        USA withdraw its aid and support to the GMD by 1948 when it became clear that the GMD cause was lost
        
        By 1949, CCP controlled Beijing, followed by the south and west, and JIang resigned the presidency and moved his government to Taiwan
        
        Mao and the communists proclaimed victory
        
        CCP HAD BETTER REPUTATION
        
        Although, Mao did commit atrocities against those who did not confirm
        
        Peasantry was forced to fight the CCP against GMD
        
        CCP troops were better diisclipined and Mao's party propaganda was effective, Lin Biao's military expertise, and Mao's epic cult of leadership inspired confidence, GMD defectors providing them with weapons
        
        Jiang's strategic mistakes, for example poor communication between generals and poor supply lines, and sending his best troops to Manchuria before establishing control of northern and central China -> 1948 GMD lost Manchuria