Classifying Matter
What is matter?
Anything that has mass and volume
Matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms
Matter takes on different forms depending on how the atoms are arranged which is called the states of matter.
States of Matter
Plasma
Gas
Liquids
Solids
atoms are tightly packed, usually in a regular pattern
atoms are close together, but are in no regular arrangement
atoms are close together, but are in no regular arrangement
Plasma is another state if matter. Happens when gases get very hot or encounter powerful electricity or magnets. It is the most common state of matter in the universe
The Particle Model
all substances are made up of tiny particles
particles are attracted towards other surrounding particles
particles are always moving
the hotter the substance, the faster the particles move
Solids
particles are packed tightly together. close proximity means that the force of attraction between particles is very strong. This is why the particles cannot move freely in solids, instead vibrate in place.
Liquids
in liquids, particles are held together by forces of attraction. As particles aren't as close together as in solids, the attractions in liquids aren't as strong as in solids. this means that particles don't vibrate in a fixed position but move freely. The arrangement of particles are packed closely together but can still move about and slide over one another.
Gases
Gravity pulls the liquid into the shape of the container
particles in a gas are in constant motion because they have much more energy than those in solids or liquids. The attraction between gas particles is weak because they are very far apart, so the particles spread out to take the space available
Describing Matter
Properties-a characteristic of matter. If a substance is pure all the properties will be the same
Physical Properties-can be observed and measured without changing the substance into something else
Chemical Properties-can be observed or measured by changing the identity of the substance
colour
texture
boiling point
density
conductivity
bubbling
permanent colour change
permanent change of state
Fourth state of matter: Plasma
At the very high temperatures of stars, atoms lose their electrons. The mixture of electrons and nuclei that results is the plasma state of matter.
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The Particle Model
Molecules-when atoms join up in groups it is called molecules
Kinetic Model-is used to describe how the amt of kinetic energy in each particles determines the state of matter
Particle theory of matter is used to explain observations and measurements that we make about substances.
Diffusion-spreading out of a substance through a solid or gas
Gases
Diffusion occurs fastest in gasses
The particles in gases are moving freely and quickly and there's plenty of space
Liquid
Particles in a liquid don't move very far or very fast
The particles jostle against each other and don't move far before colliding with other particles
Solids
Diffusion doesn't happen in solids
The particles vibrate, but can't move to a new location
Effect of temp of Diffusion
because the higher temp, particles have more kinetic energy, which leads to increased movement and collisions
as a result, rate of diffusion, which is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, is accelerated at higher temps
as temp increases, rate of diffusion also increases
perfume particles make their way through the air in a zig-zag motion, in straight lines but changing directions whenever it collides with air particles
Properties of Matter
Strength
Tensile Strength-measure of the flexibility of the bonds(links) between particles
Compression Strength- measure of the ability to withstand large forces without being crushed
Hardness-the ability of a substance to scratch another substance
hardness≠strength
the particles in hard substances are held together by strong forces
hardness=high melting points. For hard substances to melt, a lot of energy is needed because of the strong forces(bonds) between particles
Viscosity describes how easily particles move around each other. Viscous liquids are hard to pour because the particles are held together by strong forces e.g water has low viscosity, oil medium and honey high.
Compressibility is the ability of a substance to be reduced in volume or size under pressure. It the reduces the space between particles
e.g
Solids
solids are incompressible. There is no empty
space between particles
Liquids
Liquids are incompressible. There are no
empty spaces between particles
Gases
Gases are compressible. The particles are
spread out in the space between them
Density-measure of mass per volume. The closer the particles are together the denser the substance.
Changes of State
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