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Chapter 8; Collecting Primary Data, :red_cross: - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 8; Collecting Primary Data
Characteristics of the survey method;
The main characteristics is their interaction with the respondent that enables all types of info to be extracted.
The flexibility of the survey method allows the researcher to collect more info that would be possible using other methods such as observation
Survey research is aimed at the
present rather
than at the historical factual findings
Survey data is
original and does not already exist
in some other usable form
Survey data is obtained from a
sample of the population
Survey data is obtained by
interviewers acting as mediators
/ fieldworkers
The content of the survey data is primarily the
respondent's own
opinion
Survey data is collected quickly as surveys are done
in a short time
in the field
Limitations of Survey methods;
The
cost
of a personal interview is high
The
limited time available
to carry out a survey means that it is not possible to follow up a respondent's response in too much detail
Because of the time and cost factor, it has been suggested by many that survey data is usually
artificial.
Respondents can be exposed to subjects that they regard as
irrelevant or not within their field
of exp.
Survey errors;
Random sampling errors
Systematic errors(non-sampling)
; together the sample error and non-sample form the total error of the sample survey. Systematic errors are error that occur during the data collection process or in the actual design of the research.
The reliability of the research results is in direct proportion ot the size and number of the sample and non-sample errors.
Sampling error
,
is the difference between the population value and the sample value
Error that results from chance variation - error that arises because we only survey a small portion(sample) of the population
Systematic errors;
These errors will occur even if the whole population were involved.
Systematic errors are errors that occur during the data collection process or in the actual design of the research.
Errors caused by a constraint bias in the design or implementation of the measurement instrument.
Systematic errors can b divided into a sample design error and measurement errors
Sample design errors
;
These errors occur when the sample had been determined incorrectly
Frame error
occurs when a sample is selected from a sampling frame, that does not properly represent the population because of incompleteness or inaccuracies contained in the sampling frame itself
Population specific-error
occurs when the researcher does not fully comprehend who should be surveyed, with the result that the population from which the sample is drawn is not correctly defined.
Selection error
occurs when the sampling procedures that are followed are inappropriate or not in line with est protocols
Measurements errors;
These errors pose a significant threat to the quality of data collected.
They are errors that results a variation of info being sought and what is actually found by the measurement process.
Response errors;
the result of problems on the side of the respondent
Non-response error;
Arises when interviewees refuse to take part in the survey
Interviewer error
The interviewer, consciously or subconsciously, influences the respondent to answer in a particular way.
Admin error;
data is incorrectly captured into a computer
The extent of these errors will be limited if;
Population is
well defined
Sample
represents the
population
The respondents selected
are available and willing
to be interviewed
The interviewer ensures that
respondents understand the questions
and have
sufficient knowledge and opinions
to be able to answer the questions.
The
measurement and/or observation instruments
are effective
Researcher is
competent
Pros and cons of personal interviews vs. web-based surveys
Personal interviews cons;
Personal contact
Use of visual material
More lenient that other methods
Opportunity to explain
Literacy is not essential
Sample is more representative
Personal interviews cons;
High unit cost
Heterogeneous stimulation
Intensive control essential
Time limit
Commitment of the respondents
Limited geographical cover
Mail surveys pros;
Unit cost is relatively low
Homogenous stimulation
Geographical cover
Freedom of the respondent
Speed
Easy and quick processing
Mail surveys cons;
Level of representation
impersonal
limited to literate people
Public negatively towards questionnaires
Lack of control
Address must be available beforehand
Web-based surveys pros;
Easy and quick delivery
quick and convenient responses
Cheaper
Targeted
Convenient for respondents
Appeal to respondents
Interviewer bias eliminated
Automatic data capture and analysis
Web-based Surveys cons;
confidentiality concerns
Anonymity not guaranteed
Junk mail factor
Potential for sample errors
Limited access to the internet
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