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Biology Paper 1.1, Biology Paper 1.3, Biology Paper 1.2 - Coggle Diagram
Biology Paper 1.1
Microscopes
Light
Cheap, small, portable, no vacuum required, low magnification.
Electron
Expensive, large, vacuum required, high magnification.
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Practical
Preparing onion cells
peel one thick layer, cut into small pieces, put on slide, add iodine, add cover slip.
Using light microscope
put slide on stage, put on lowest magnification, use course focusing knob to find cell, increase magnification, use fine focusing knob to observe.
Preparing cheek cells
swab cheek, wipe swap on the slide, put swap in disinfectant, add methyl blue dye, add cover slip (make sure to avoid bubbles)
Photosynthesis
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About photosynthesis
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Chlorophyll is located in chloroplasts in the plant cells, particularly in palisade cells.
Carbon dioxide enters leaves through the stomata, water enters leaves through roots, it is transported to the leaves in the xylem.
Required practical
Method
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Count the number of bubbles, repeat and then calc an average.
Variables
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CV - concentration of sodium hydrocarbonate, temp, same pondweed.
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Plant cells
Plant only organelles
Chloroplast
contain chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
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Organelles for both
Cytoplasm
a jelly-like material that contains dissolved nutrients and salts and structures called organelles, it is where many chemical reactions occur.
Nucleus
contains genetic material including DNA, controls cells activities.
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Heart
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Circulatory System
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the benefit of this is that blood loses pressure while in capillaries in lungs, by returning blood to the heart from the lungs.
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Biology Paper 1.3
Alveoli
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Extensive blood supply ensures that blood rich in oxygen is carried away from the lungs and blood rich in carbon dioxide is carried to the lungs.
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Enzymes
biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions, they are made of proteins, they have an active site that is complementary for a substrate.
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Amylase breaks down starch to sugar, Protease breaks down proteins into amino acids, Lipase breaks down fats to fatty acids and glycerol.
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Fermentation
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yeast, a type of single-celled fungus, provides the enzymes needed for fermentation.
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it is the chemical breakdown of substance by bacteria, yeasts or other microorganisms.
Drug trials
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Whole organism testing is testing on animals, they have to be tested on two different animals by law.
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double blind trials, neither the doctor nor patient know what they are giving / getting in order to avoid the placebo effect and biased results
Digestion
stages
food is digested in the mouth, stomach and small intestine.
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Structures and functions
Mouth/Salivary Gland
where you chew food, your salivary glands make saliva, which breaks down starches.
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Small intestine
breaks down food, absorbs nutrients and gets rid of unneccessary components.
Large intestine
absorbing water, produces and absorbs vitamins as well as propelling faeces toward the rectum.
Pancreas
produces enzymes that help to digest food, particularly protein.
Liver
to make and secrete and bile, to purify blood.
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Cancer occurs when cell diffusion goes wrong, this causes cells to grow out of control and form a tumour, it is caused when cells divide uncontrollably and spread into surrounding tissues.
Biology Paper 1.2
Mitosis
The cell cycle
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Further growth occurs, DNA checked for errors
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The nuclear membrane breaks down, the chromosomes line up across centre of cell
one set of chromosomes pulled to each end of cell, nucleus divides
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length of time in phase = observed number of cells at that stage / total number of cells observed x total length of time of cell cycle
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Pathogens
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Bacteria are able to reproduce rapidly once inside the body, on the other hand viruses can only reproduce once inside of a "host cell"
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