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“Which component of urine (“fake”) may have the greatest effect on the…

- - - - This can be done by measuring the weight of the hydrogel after the hydrogel has been drained
      - Or it can be done by measuring the drained voume of hydrogel and subtracting it from the total volume added to it
- - - - If any chemical has fallen into someone's eyes, run water in your eyes to try to flood the chemicals. If you have contact lenses remove them as fast as possible and seek help from the teacher or any nearby adult (betterhealth, 2014).
    - - If glassware has been broken ensure not to go near it, keep students away from it. If someone has been cut immediately bring this up to the teacher, or try to provide general first aid till an adult arrives
    - - Ensure that the acids are diluted heavily with water before putting them down the sink to ensure that the solution is somewhat neutralised before being disposed (Atdsr 2022). Aside from that Hydrogels need to be dispoed in rubbish bin, not a sink, in order to prevent clogging.
- - - - How are polymers made more hydrophilic? (Crash Course, 2014)
        
        Increasing the surface area to volume ratio, a higher surface area to volume ratio allows for more contact with the solvent and a higher ability to absorb it.
        
        Ionic Modifications: Introduce ionic groups into the hydrogel structure. This can be achieved by copolymerizing with monomers containing charged groups (e.g., sulfonic acid groups) or by incorporating ions into the hydrogel network, which can enhance water absorption due to ion-water interactions.
      - Diffusion
        Diffusion is the primary method in which solutions enter and exit the hydrogel (Medicosis Perfectionalis, 2019). Diffusion is the process by which substances from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration, all through a semi-permeable layer (Medicosis Perfectionalis, 2019). In this case, the hydrogel will be the semi-permeable layer in which the fake urine will go into until equilibrium in concentration is achieved.
    - - Polymers are made through a process known as polymerisation (Cognito, 2020). There are two methods of polymeriation, addition polymerisation and condesation polymeristion (cognito, 2020).
        
        Condensation Polymerisation
        Condensation polymerisation is far more complex and requires more complex mononmers to accomplish (Cognito, 2014). Condenation polymers are created through two seperate molecules making a dimer and then eventually turning into a repeating unit of their own (Cognito, 2014). Important things about these molecules is that they both need to have two or more functional groups present their structure and the functional groups of the two molecules cannot be the same. During this process the two functional groups are broken down with free radicals in order to combine with one another (Cognito, 2014). During the creation of this bond an ester functional group is formed and a small molecule (like water) is released. The formation of the ester functional group causes all molecules formed through the condensation polymerisation to be called polyesters (Cognito, 2014).
        
        Addition Polumerisation
        In addition polymerisation the first requirment is to have an unsaturated molecule, or a molecule with one or more double/triple bonds present within it's structure (Cognito, 2020). Next the unsaturated bond is broken through the presence of what is known as a free radical, a free radical is a highly reactive molecule that contains one valence electron, allowing it to aggresively react to anything when it comes in contact (Crash course, 2014). Once the unsaturated bond is broken the carbon molecule present will now have free valence electrons on both sides of the molecule allowing it to keep bond to other nearby monomers creating a long polymer (Cognito, 2020).
      - Common examples of polymers
        Polymers are seen almost everyday in human lives, they are found naturally and can be made synthetically through chemical reactions. Here are some examples of common polymers that are well known (Ted-ed, 2014):
        
        DNA (Monomer: repeating nucleotides)
        
        polyethylene or plastic (Monomer: ethylene)
        
        Nylon (Monomers: Dicarboxylic acid and diamenes)
        
        proteins (Monomers: amino acids)
        
        bark from trees (monomer: cellulose)
        
        fingernails (monomer: keratin)
      - Cross Linking in Polymers
        Cross-Linking: Crosslinking is the process by which polymers bond to one another to create a large 3-dimensional structure (Cognito, 2020). Crosslinking allows two polymers to combine through covalent intramolecular forces rather than secondary dispersion forces (Cognito, 2020). Typically, two polymers create a three-dimensional structure through weak dispersion forces between the molecules, however, when crosslinking, an ionised beam removes hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon chain to make a direct covalent bond between the two carbon atoms that are now lacking hydrogens. The use of a covalent bond in crosslinking over the regular dispersion forces provides numerous benefits for the polymer by enhancing many physical properties, as the overall strength and cohesion of the atom are significantly increased.
  - - - Firstly, baby urine is far more pure than adult urine, as adults build up certain nutrient and chemical imbalances which are reflected in their urine (Alila Medical Media, 2020)
      - Additionally, babies of this age have a diet that primarily consists of milk (Alila Medical Media, 2020). Since, milk is an alkaline substance with a pH of 6.5 to 6.7 the urine of babies tend to be alkaline as well (Anne Marie, 2022)
    - - Urea
      - Water
      - Creatine
      - Glucose
      - Uric Acid
      - Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
      - Inorganic salts
      - Ammonia
      - Ions (Na, K, S and many others)