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Hydrogeography Surface water and groundwater I - Coggle Diagram
Hydrogeography
Surface water and groundwater I
hydrology= multidisciplinary subject that deals with the occurence, circulation and distribution of the waters of the earth
Hydrogeography= Studies water and its spatial distribution and seasonal availability
The water cycyle
Worrld fresh water resources
97.5% is saline water
the remaining 2.5% is freshwater
Freshwater is mostly located in glaciers and ice caps (68.7) and groundwater (30.1%)
The catchment/ river basin
Catchment characteristics
Topography
climate
Soil type
Different soil types have different permeability which contribute to groundwater recharge and soil water storage, which influence streamflow
Vegetation cover
the vegetationt type influences on the evapotranspiration that returns water to the atmosphere and in the flow lag
Evaporation, Precipitation, runoff
Precipitation is measured in millimeters of depth, representing the depth of water if that would accumulate in the surface if all rain remained where it falls
Snow is measured as water equivalent depth (Depth of water that is present when snow melts)
Evaporation occurs when there is available water and enough energy from the sun or atmosphere
Runoff= movement of water to a channelized stream
Climate effect on the precipitation pattern
Discharge characteristics
a higher flow density creates a more turbid and faster flow of growth than low runoff density
Stream growth is fastest in rivers in more rounded catchment areas. They are more efficient for water drivers
Stream classification
Ephemeral stream
Perennial stream
Human impacts on catchments
Dams
River-sea interaction
Rivers joining lakes and sea
Surface water reservoirs
Swamps, lakes: Retain water and slow down the flow of water to the shores or ceans
Groundwater. unsaturated zone: Above the groundwater level comprises both air and water between soil particles
saturated zone= located below the water table below, the pores are completely filled with water
Pumping
Water pumping = Permanent decrease of groundwater levels
Soild subsidence= Sinking of the ground because of underground material movement
Soil properties
Porosity= size and quantity of pores, and permeability
Groundwater seasonality
Groundwater in Finland
Vesienhoidon ja merenhoidon järjestämisestä annettu laki (1299/2004).
Favorarable areas for groundwater in Finland
most accessible groundwater resources are located in gravel and sand deposits.
In ridges and large edge formations: groundwater of good quality
Estimation of groundwater availability
Artificial groundwater recharge