✓ Application - Raine suggests if the damage that causes brain deficits can be prevented, people might be prevented from becoming murderers early on and won't develop a murderous predisposition. This involves early intervention with at-risk children in school, programmes to steer young people away from drugs and monitoring people who have received brain injury. It has made it useful to treat people who suffer from brain deficits. If the deficient parts of the brain can be stimulated (either through drug therapy or counselling), then they might be less likely to engage in impulsive, aggressive behaviour.
Courts can solely use biological evidence against those convicted of murder or manslaughter. If the research concludes that violence is innate and not a learnt behaviour, people with similar brain abnormalities to Raine’s participants may be imprisoned without consideration for their social situation. This would have a knock-on effect on society as successful psychological treatments, such as restorative justice and anger management, wouldn't be used to rehabilitate offenders, they may just receive forced drug treatment or psychosurgery with no chance to rehabilitate because if the cause of their crime is biological, then physical treatments are the only ones that would work. Long-term imprisonment with physical therapies would cost taxpayers a lot of money, not only for the treatments but for housing and feeding criminals who may otherwise be able to reform and be reintroduced into society to contribute to the workforce.