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Test 4 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - red x white = pink
  - - - single nucleotide change
    - - deletion
        
        segments of chromosome are lost
      - duplication
        
        part of the chromosome has doubled
      - inversion
        
        piece rotates 180
      - translocation
        
        exchange of parts between two nonhomologous chromosomes
      - transposons
        
        moable genetic element
        
        jumping genes
  - - - recombinants less abundant
      - parentals more abundant
  - - - failed meiosis
      - self fertilization
    - - meiotic error
      - mismatch during mating
      - second mating creates matched pairs
  - - - accumulate mutations that eventually result in a beneficial trait
    - - common ancestor of seed plants
      - common ancestor of extant angiosperms
- - - - j-shaped curve
      - unlimited resources
    - - self regulates
      - has a carrying capacity(k)
  - - - limited resources
  - - - dN over dt equals r times N
    - - dN over dt equals r times N times the quantity one minus N divided by k
  - - - dN/dt=rN
    - - dN/dt=rN[(K-N)/K] => rN(1-N/K)
  - - - Stress
        
        resource availability
        
        water
        
        nutrients
        
        light
        
        growth inhibitors
        
        temperature
        
        toxins
      - disturbance
        
        biotic
        
        herbivory
        
        pathogens
        
        anthropogenic
        
        abiotic
        
        fire
        
        wind
      - three life stages
        
        C- competitors
        
        S- stress tolerance
        
        P- nutrients
- - - - mutation
        
        change in one of the nucleic acids
        
        some are apparent in phenotype
        
        source of all new alleles
        
        must be in gametes to be inherited
        
        male pollen ovule
        
        female ovule egg
      - natural selcetion
        
        one allele selectively advantageous
        
        in the example, (triangle) has more vigorous offspring
        
        over time, individuals with the 2 genotype are able to reproduce more and grow in numbers
        
        the overall vigor of the population grows
      - genetic drift
        
        random loss of alleles
        
        acts most strangly in small populations relative to large
        
        bottleneck effect
        
        large population diminished suddenly
        
        natural catastrophe
        
        migration
        
        may increase in size again but unlikely to regain original diversity
      - migration
        
        movement of alleles into and out of a population
        
        immigration(into)
        
        emigration(out of)
        
        can be impeded by
        
        the environment
        
        life history
        
        repercussions for
        
        GMO
        
        climate change
        
        speciation
      - nonrandom mating
        
        plants "choose" their mates
        
        pollinator vectors
        
        pollination syndromes
        
        some of the individuals reproduce more than others
        
        based on individual phenotypes
  - - - two phenotypes
      - dominate-recessive systems
  - - - increased frequency of desired trait
      - elimination of undesired traits
- - - - each individual has a unique genotype
      - genotype is made up of allels
      - phenotypes determined by these alleles and the environment
      - there is no guarantee that an allele will manifest
        
        heterozygosity
        
        one of two genes (domnate allele) has a detectable effect on an organism's appearance
        
        the other gene has no discernable effect(recessive allele)
        
        homozygosity, both alleles are the same
    - - alleles are segregated, seperated, from one another during meiosis
      - each gamete contains only one allele for each gene
      - offspring inherit two alleles for a gene
        
        one from each parent
        
        inherit a homologous chromosome
      - during meiosis, two members of a gene separate from each other
      - each gamete has an equal chance to inherit either one of the genes
    - - gene pairs that are not related (homologs) segregate independantly
      - gene pairs that are not linked segregate indeendantly
      - evidence provided from a dihybrid cross
        
        3:1 phenotypic ratio for each of the two allels
  - - - true breeding
      - homozygous
    - - first fillial generation
      - heterozygous
    - - allele combinations
    - - trait combinations
- - - - number of copies of an allele in a population divided by the total number of alleles for that gene in a population
    - - number of individuals with a particular genotype in a population divided by the total number of individuals in a population
- - - - abiotic environment
      - biotic interactions that occur between species
        
        range of interactions
        
        beneficial interactions +
        
        negative interactions -
        
        facilitation (+/+)
        
        benefits both
        
        mutualism
        
        pollination
        
        commensalism (0/+)
        
        benefits one and neutral to the other
        
        amensalism (0/-)
        
        negative to one and neutral to the other
        
        competition (-/-)
        
        both are negatively impacted
        
        competition for resources
        
        predetation (+/-)
        
        herbivory
        
        parasitism
  - - - P
      - negative impact on prey
      - positively impacted by prey
    - - N
      - positive impact on predator
      - negatively impacted by predator