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Biosphere-Atmosphere Interaction - Coggle Diagram
Biosphere-Atmosphere Interaction
Bigger picture
Warmed 1.1 celsius compared to preindustrial levels
Regional: Some regions hot spots already warmed beyond 2 celsius
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 1992
Kyoto protocol 1997
Formulates measures and specific targets for the aims of UNFCCC
Paris agreement 2015
Keeping global temperature rise at max 1.5 celsius
Basic principles
GHG
CO2 equivalents
Methane
Nitrous oxide (N2O
Contribution of other GHG:s to global warming compared to CO2
Exchange and magnitudes of gases (and aerosols determines climate (change)
Dynamic interactions between biosphere and atmosphere
C-cycle
Carbon balance= Carbon balance indicates the change in the amount of carbon held by a carbon storage, such as a forest, per time unit
Carbon balance is the difference between C02 uptake by ecosystems and CO2 loss to the atmosphere by respiration
GtC yr-1= gigaton of carbon per year
Global ecosystem Contribution
Ecosystems
Special case peatlands
Croplands an agriculture
Human activities in grassland management
GHG monitoring
Quantification of surface-atmosphere GHG exchanges are neccessary
Basis for this is understanding environmental processes and land surface interactions, also under changing conditions
Plant community level: Chamber method
GHG Measurements: Eddy Covariance (EC) Tower
Pallas Atmosphere-Ecosystem supersite
Sodankylä Supersite
Peatland ecosystems
Acrotelm
Variable water content
Contact to surface, partly aerated
Catotelm
Permanently saturated with water
Low/ no oxyge, no contact to surface
ebullition= kupliintumista
Peatlands as carbon sinks
Peatland as carbon sources
Freshwater ecosystems - anoxic environments
Forest ecosystems
High latitudes: afforestation would decrease albedo and increase local warming
Low latitudes: cooling effect of due to increased evapotranspiration