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New Deal Depth Study - Coggle Diagram

- - - - reduced clashes between workers and bosses and thus maintained production levels
      - gave workers right to take part in union and take up collective bargaining
      - allowed closed shops and established minimum wage
      - prevented companies from using blacklist or company unions
  - - - Resettlement Administration
      - Federal Housing Administration
      - Ratification of 21A which repealed prohibition
      - Transformed fed. gov. role, gave relief to millions, constructed numerous public facilities
      - Public employment rescued millions of Americans from the Great Depression
      - 10million/20% workforce remained unemployed when 1934 ended
    - - Established NLRB
        
        Negotiated on behalf of unions and prevented large companies from creating their own unions
        
        Investigated reports of unfair labour practices, workers given rights to join unions elect own representatives
      - Act declared constitutional and recognised formation of unions, led to a huge sore in membership
        
        3.7 million in 1933 to 9 million in 1938
      - Sit in Strike in 1936 recognised the United Automobile Workers Union
      - Had Limitations as well
        
        NLRB didn't give same rights to farm workers as it did to others
        
        Made labour union monopolies legal, bigger ones discriminated against AAs such as the AFL
        
        Drafted with aim to prohibit racial discrimination but AFL lobbied against it
      - Steel workers organising committee recognised by US Steel in 1937
    - - recognised workers rights to join unions and collective bargaining
      - Encouraged firms to agree to codes of practice, set bases for work rates, hours, wages
      - Section 1 focused on industrial recovery and establishing better workers rights, Section 2 was all about PUBLIC WORKS ADMINISTRATION
        
        S2 - funding for states to try and reduce unemployment
      - Had Limitations
        
        Authorised separate and lower pay scale for AAs, whites got first dibs on new jobs
        
        Many employers ignored right to join unions and collective bargaining, e.g. Henry Ford
        
        SC declared it UNCONSTITUTIONAL in Schechter v. US in 1935 so all gains were reversed
        
        gave too much power to executive branch, violated constitutional separation of powers
    - - Payed farmers to plant less crops in order to raise better prices, set production quotas
      - Encouraged the eviction of sharecroppers and tenants as it prioritised economic value of farm land owners rather than those who worked on it
      - Invalidated in 1936 by SC case US v. Butler, declared an unconstitutional exercise of executive power over economic problems
    - - Set unemployed men to work on projects such as flood control
      - Major contribution to AA enhancement
      - By end of programme, 3million had passed through $30/month
    - - Excluded job categories that AAs typically filled
      - Unemployed insurance, old age pensions, aid to the young, elderly and disabled was all provided
      - represented massive departure to how the government usually functions
      - Hybrid of local and national funding and eligibility
    - - Gave workers a minimum wage
      - Didn't apply to domestic and agricultural workers, WOMEN & AAS EXCULUDED
    - - Employment and infrastructure budget, $5 billion
      - Put 8.5 million Americans to work building schools, hospitals and other public services
      - Employed mostly unskilled men
      - Built more than 4000 new school buildings and 130 new hospitals
      - Also oversaw the FWP (See AA section)
    - - contracted with other companies to build schools, hospitals and other public facilities
      - CWA hired 4 million for the project, dissolved due to the complaints that the ND created millions of Americans dependent on the government for jobs
      - Grande Coule Dam started in 1941, key to develping power near the Columbian river
        
        Transformed American landscape and economy
        
        Regional development promoted large economic growth, 80cents/hour largest in nation
      - TVA - public works initiative
        
        series of damn along the Tennessee river to prevent flooding
        
        hopes for large economic growth
        
        improved life of Southerners and spurred economic development out west
  - - - Attempt to aid farm workers had to wait until the 60s in California with the work of Cesar Chavez
- - - - Influenced by media and newspapers, husband, union membership family etc
    - - Influenced by friends, social class, Great Depression, birth control, education, religion, witnessed FLAPPER ERA so seen benefits of female integration
    - - Influenced by unions, jobs, age and no. of children, single or married lives in country or city
  - - - 'First Lady of the World'
      - fought against First Lady expectations, powerful, independent role model
      - involved in formation of national youth administration, founded 1935
      - Inspected ND programmes in the South. acknowledged discrimination to AAs
      - Despite her presence, still only 146 women in state legislatures and by 1939 only 2 female state governors
    - - Brought large number of women into party politics
      - Placed many women in high ranking position in the Roosevelt administration
      - Helped enact first minimum wage law in MA
      - Major role in 1932 presidential campaign, persuaded people to vote Roosevelt
      - 1934, served on advisory council to FDR's committee on economic security
      - Believed ND to be best hope to protect working women in industry
    - - Served as US secretary of Labour during FDR term being the first woman to do so
      - Social worker after graduating from college in 1902
      - Studied further in social econ at uni of PA and Columbia
      - Advocate for unemployment insurance and close government
      - Pushed for minimum wage, limited employment of U16s, creation of the CCC
      - Supervised Fair Labour Standards Act 1938 and helped draft Social Security Act 1935 (aid for mothers and children)
      - Built the Department of Labour and strengthened Bureau of Labour Statistics
  - - - NWP used legal lobbying and mobilisation campaigns to advance equal rights
      - Following ratification of the 19th amendment, the NWP moved on to fight for full Constitutional equality for women through the ERA
    - - 1931 - NWP supported Congress to pass revisions to 1922 Cable Act, expanding naturalisation and citizenship rights
      - 1932 - For only second time since ERA introduced in 1923, House Judiciary Committee holds hearings on ammendment
      - 1933 - Elaborate memorial service attended by more than 1,000 women
      - 1934 - Equal National Treaty, drafted by Alice Paul, signed into law by Roosevelt
  - - - 1935 Social Security Act supported married women struggling to bring up children in the Depression Provided Aid
      - 1930 to 1940, 300% rise in unionised female labour. More married women working in 1940 than 1930
      - Women appointed into politics to run new deal agencies
        
        first female Appeal Court Judge Florence Allen
        
        Overseas ambassador Ruth Brian Owen
        
        Nellie Taylor Ross, first female director of US Mint
      - Roosevelt administration was sympathetic to reforming organisations
      - Federal Emergency Relief Act 1933 - financial assistance to women, refuge for homeless
        
        Combated legislation that prevented work for married women
      - Fair Labour Standards Act 1938 and 1933 NRA put limits on working hours and supported womens minimum wage
    - - Gender discrimination still normal, NRA 1933 lowered pay for women
      - Getting men back to work after great depression was prioritised
      - 1936 Gallup Poll - 90% believed married women shouldnt have jobs if husband did
      - Women still restricted to stereotypical roles within gov. social policy, family matters etc
      - 1937 Farm Security Act, improved conditions for poor Southern farmers, little to combat traditional unfairness of rural life for women
      - Northern urban women saw improvements, rural southern women still oppressed by damaging traditionalist attitudes
- - - - Between 1937 and 1941, 7 out of 9 justices were replaced and verdicts became more favourable
      - Gaines V Canada 1938 stated that separate but equal facilities must be equal in practice
        
        Court still didnt challenge Plessy V Ferguson 1896
  - - - funded live artistic performances and entertainment
      - Sponsored by WPA
      - Had a specific "Help Negro" section
      - employment to black directors and actors - major help for black culture
      - Set up in 23 cities
    - - influential visual artist in the Harlem Renaissance
        
        Painted murals addressing social issues at the time around segregation
      - Harlem Renaissance golden age for black culture (1934)
        
        Black pride movement - Du Bois worked to make sure they got credit for their contributions to society
        
        Explosion of Black music, e.g. Jazz, Louis Armstrong
    - - Product of Emergency Conservation Act 1933
        
        Decrease unemployment by getting workers employed in conservation efforts, e.g. forests
      - Programme ran from 1933 to 1942, 3 million workers passed through
        
        Gov wages, $30/month
      - Onlu 200,000 AAs served
        
        1935, all CCC camps were ordered to segregate, 150 total
      - Leader of CCC (Fechner), lot of resistance to AAs in higher roles - little employment of AAs
        
        E.g. LA - 150 AA men worked in high intensity construction labour whilst white workers got less intense special projects appointed to them
    - - employed black writers and playwritghts
      - Lasted until 1942
      - Produced publications: black community history
      - helped launch careers of AA writers e.g. Margaret Walker, Frank Kerby
      - Virginia negro studies project employed 16 AA writers, led to publication of The Negro in Virginia in 1940
    - - Agricultural Adjustment Act
        
        Authorised gov to set production quotas for crops, gov payed farmers to plant less to raise fair prices
      - 1933 gov orders more than 6 million pigs slaughtered
      - ignored sharecroppers, Act encouraged eviction of thousands of poor tenants and sharecroppers
        
        40% of AA workers were sharecroppers/tenants so hit them hard
      - AAA policies forced more than 100,000 AAs off farming land in 1933 and 34
      - Roosevelt needed Southern Democrat support, ignored positive race legislation
    - - 9 AA teenagers wrongfully accused of raping 2 white women
        
        Southern railroad freight train, Alabama
      - AA boys arrested, 8 of them sentenced to death, poor defence for them in front of all white jury
        
        Communist party and NAACP both appealed the case
        
        One alleged victim admits fabricating story, jury still finds boys guilty
        
        Another trial held, 4/9 found guilty and sentenced to 75years/death
      - Boys either spent whole lives in prison, hiding from police, or on death row
        
        shows how racist the legal system was
        
        sets up precedent for mixed juries - Norris V. Alabama 1935
    - - Set up and built dams along Tennessee valley
      - Covered parts of 7 Southern states
      - Gave jobs to unemployed AA men
      - Brought local industry to the South, set economic recovery in motion
      - Settlement built for RVA workers (Norris), AAs excluded
        
        Racist employment - 12 counties around Norris, 1.9% of employees were AA, despite making up 7.2% of population
- - - - Greater religious freedom, largely attributed to John Collier - appointed by Roosevelt as commissioner for Indian Affairs
        
        Overthrew a 1883 law that banned ceremonial dances
    - - Unallocated land lost during this period was given back
    - - NA increasingly involved in BIA
        
        still under direction of federal officials
      - IRA extended political rights to NA women
        
        Gave them opportunity to train for domestic work, good intent but not what they wanted
      - Work stimulated national interest in Indian art, encouraged women's cooperatives to produce them as an economic venture
      - NA women encouraged to attend higher education
        
        Gladys Tantaquidgeon studied at uni of PA, worked for Indian Bureau in 30s
      - Collier used agencies to build hospitals, schools, irrigation systems on reservations to improve conditions
      - Actions whilst good intent were misguided, didn't have support of NAs, IRA legal issues were alien to them
    - - IRA protected Natives right to practice religion and culture
      - NA children allowed to attend local schools to learn their culture
      - IRA stopped sale of NA land, recovered many acres of lost tribal land
      - Farming training provided
      - Allotment policy abandoned
      - 1938 census stats showed NA population increasing at faster rate than national rate
  - - - those who stayed on reservatiions experienced hardship, no money or resources due to war effort
  - - - Wheeler Howard Act 1934
        
        Does try and improve position of NAs but also pushes towards assimilation - theme of fed gov in this period
        
        Sought to give NA greater role in administration of their reservations
      - ND saw efforts. of government to aid NAs in ways they wanted
      - IRA gives religious freedom, Social advancement!
      - Indian Arts and Crafts Act 1935 - recognised the importance of NA art, gave it protection
      - CCC - 1932-1942 NA men work on roads, forest management etc, provided decent income
      - Developed infrastructure on reservations, WPA and PWA funded
    - - NA more involved in BIA
      - 100,000 left homesteads during WW2 - army and urban industry
        
        After WW2, soldiers forced back onto reservations - factory workers driven back by discrimination (reversed progress)
      - No unity
        
        Didn't have any strength to fight back against changes
      - Took people to court in some cases
      - Gladys Tantaquidgeon, worked with BIA, gave social service benefits to NAs under WHEELER HOWARD ACT
      - AMERICAN INDIAN FEDERATION and INDIAN RIGHTS ASSOCIATION
    - - instrumental in passing of IRA
      - Appointed commissioner of Indian Affairs in 1933
      - Helped Pueblo Indians retain some of their land