Unallocated land lost during this period was given back

Gave them opportunity to train for domestic work, good intent but not what they wanted

Work stimulated national interest in Indian art, encouraged women's cooperatives to produce them as an economic venture

Gladys Tantaquidgeon studied at uni of PA, worked for Indian Bureau in 30s

Collier used agencies to build hospitals, schools, irrigation systems on reservations to improve conditions

Actions whilst good intent were misguided, didn't have support of NAs, IRA legal issues were alien to them

IRA protected Natives right to practice religion and culture

NA children allowed to attend local schools to learn their culture

IRA stopped sale of NA land, recovered many acres of lost tribal land

1938 census stats showed NA population increasing at faster rate than national rate

Tribes still organised into tribal councils, 75/245 tribes rejected the measures

Secret ballot introduced among tribes to determine if IRA was accepted, BUT idea of democracy was alien

Post WW2 improvements weren't maintained, at best they were short term benefits

Returning indian soldiers from WW2 forced back onto reservations, discrimination, prevented from taking advantage of educational opportunities as American war vets

those who stayed on reservatiions experienced hardship, no money or resources due to war effort

Does try and improve position of NAs but also pushes towards assimilation - theme of fed gov in this period

Sought to give NA greater role in administration of their reservations

ND saw efforts. of government to aid NAs in ways they wanted

Indian Arts and Crafts Act 1935 - recognised the importance of NA art, gave it protection

CCC - 1932-1942 NA men work on roads, forest management etc, provided decent income

Developed infrastructure on reservations, WPA and PWA funded

After WW2, soldiers forced back onto reservations - factory workers driven back by discrimination (reversed progress)

Gladys Tantaquidgeon, worked with BIA, gave social service benefits to NAs under WHEELER HOWARD ACT

AMERICAN INDIAN FEDERATION and INDIAN RIGHTS ASSOCIATION

Influenced by media and newspapers, husband, union membership family etc

Influenced by friends, social class, Great Depression, birth control, education, religion, witnessed FLAPPER ERA so seen benefits of female integration

Influenced by unions, jobs, age and no. of children, single or married lives in country or city

fought against First Lady expectations, powerful, independent role model

involved in formation of national youth administration, founded 1935

Inspected ND programmes in the South. acknowledged discrimination to AAs

Despite her presence, still only 146 women in state legislatures and by 1939 only 2 female state governors

Placed many women in high ranking position in the Roosevelt administration

Major role in 1932 presidential campaign, persuaded people to vote Roosevelt

1934, served on advisory council to FDR's committee on economic security

Believed ND to be best hope to protect working women in industry

Served as US secretary of Labour during FDR term being the first woman to do so

Advocate for unemployment insurance and close government

Pushed for minimum wage, limited employment of U16s, creation of the CCC

Supervised Fair Labour Standards Act 1938 and helped draft Social Security Act 1935 (aid for mothers and children)

Built the Department of Labour and strengthened Bureau of Labour Statistics

NWP used legal lobbying and mobilisation campaigns to advance equal rights

Following ratification of the 19th amendment, the NWP moved on to fight for full Constitutional equality for women through the ERA

1931 - NWP supported Congress to pass revisions to 1922 Cable Act, expanding naturalisation and citizenship rights

1932 - For only second time since ERA introduced in 1923, House Judiciary Committee holds hearings on ammendment

1933 - Elaborate memorial service attended by more than 1,000 women

1934 - Equal National Treaty, drafted by Alice Paul, signed into law by Roosevelt

1935 Social Security Act supported married women struggling to bring up children in the Depression Provided Aid

1930 to 1940, 300% rise in unionised female labour. More married women working in 1940 than 1930

Roosevelt administration was sympathetic to reforming organisations

Combated legislation that prevented work for married women

Fair Labour Standards Act 1938 and 1933 NRA put limits on working hours and supported womens minimum wage

Gender discrimination still normal, NRA 1933 lowered pay for women

Getting men back to work after great depression was prioritised

1936 Gallup Poll - 90% believed married women shouldnt have jobs if husband did

Women still restricted to stereotypical roles within gov. social policy, family matters etc

1937 Farm Security Act, improved conditions for poor Southern farmers, little to combat traditional unfairness of rural life for women

Northern urban women saw improvements, rural southern women still oppressed by damaging traditionalist attitudes

By 1935, 30% of AAs were on relief benefits compared to 10% of whites (fair application to both)

Between 1937 and 1941, 7 out of 9 justices were replaced and verdicts became more favourable

Climate of North liberal opinion was now rejecting past discriminatory attitudes

legal challenges of the NAACP showed progress, though limited

Roosevelt relied on Southern Democratic support so his relief for AAs was limited, prioritised 'Saving America'

Success of NAACP was limited, despite vigorous campaigning by Walter White

No charismatic leader emerged after Garvey's imprisonment in 1925 and deportation by Coolidge in 1927

Exclusion of Black voting in the South, all white juries often didn't give AAs justice

Housing conditions very primitive in ghettos, De Facto segregation remained in the South

Roosevelt refused to have lynching debated in Congress in 1933, despite 1,886 occurring between 1900-1930

AA sharecroppers hit hard by depression, not covered by Wagner Act 1935, or Fair Labour Standards Act 1938

employment to black directors and actors - major help for black culture

helped launch careers of AA writers e.g. Margaret Walker, Frank Kerby

Virginia negro studies project employed 16 AA writers, led to publication of The Negro in Virginia in 1940

Painted murals addressing social issues at the time around segregation

Black pride movement - Du Bois worked to make sure they got credit for their contributions to society

Brought local industry to the South, set economic recovery in motion

Racist employment - 12 counties around Norris, 1.9% of employees were AA, despite making up 7.2% of population

One alleged victim admits fabricating story, jury still finds boys guilty

Another trial held, 4/9 found guilty and sentenced to 75years/death

sets up precedent for mixed juries - Norris V. Alabama 1935

Authorised gov to set production quotas for crops, gov payed farmers to plant less to raise fair prices

40% of AA workers were sharecroppers/tenants so hit them hard

AAA policies forced more than 100,000 AAs off farming land in 1933 and 34

Roosevelt needed Southern Democrat support, ignored positive race legislation

Decrease unemployment by getting workers employed in conservation efforts, e.g. forests

1935, all CCC camps were ordered to segregate, 150 total

E.g. LA - 150 AA men worked in high intensity construction labour whilst white workers got less intense special projects appointed to them

reduced clashes between workers and bosses and thus maintained production levels

gave workers right to take part in union and take up collective bargaining

prevented companies from using blacklist or company unions

reduced power of employers and therefore limited the restrictions they could place on workers

Growth in membership after new deal, suggests gov had crucial role in union advancement

Roosevelt advocated for more recognition of the regular American, more willingness to embark on impact of Great Dep

Many unskilled workers didn't have rights, workers in mass production missed out on gains that other workers recieved

Ethnic minorities, AAs, Mexicans all still in vulnerable position

Benefitted industrial workers more than farm tenants, men more than women and whites more than blacks

Transformed fed. gov. role, gave relief to millions, constructed numerous public facilities

Public employment rescued millions of Americans from the Great Depression

10million/20% workforce remained unemployed when 1934 ended

recognised workers rights to join unions and collective bargaining

Encouraged firms to agree to codes of practice, set bases for work rates, hours, wages

Authorised separate and lower pay scale for AAs, whites got first dibs on new jobs

Many employers ignored right to join unions and collective bargaining, e.g. Henry Ford

gave too much power to executive branch, violated constitutional separation of powers

Set unemployed men to work on projects such as flood control

By end of programme, 3million had passed through $30/month

Payed farmers to plant less crops in order to raise better prices, set production quotas

Encouraged the eviction of sharecroppers and tenants as it prioritised economic value of farm land owners rather than those who worked on it

Invalidated in 1936 by SC case US v. Butler, declared an unconstitutional exercise of executive power over economic problems

Negotiated on behalf of unions and prevented large companies from creating their own unions

Investigated reports of unfair labour practices, workers given rights to join unions elect own representatives

Sit in Strike in 1936 recognised the United Automobile Workers Union

Steel workers organising committee recognised by US Steel in 1937

NLRB didn't give same rights to farm workers as it did to others

Made labour union monopolies legal, bigger ones discriminated against AAs such as the AFL

Drafted with aim to prohibit racial discrimination but AFL lobbied against it

Unemployed insurance, old age pensions, aid to the young, elderly and disabled was all provided

represented massive departure to how the government usually functions

Didn't apply to domestic and agricultural workers, WOMEN & AAS EXCULUDED

Put 8.5 million Americans to work building schools, hospitals and other public services

Built more than 4000 new school buildings and 130 new hospitals

contracted with other companies to build schools, hospitals and other public facilities

CWA hired 4 million for the project, dissolved due to the complaints that the ND created millions of Americans dependent on the government for jobs

Regional development promoted large economic growth, 80cents/hour largest in nation

series of damn along the Tennessee river to prevent flooding

improved life of Southerners and spurred economic development out west

2000 strikes in 1934, Toledo SF general strike saw 200 injured and 2 killed over employers refusing to negotiate wages

1934 walkout of Longsure men shut down ports from San Diego to Bellingham for 83 days, shut down trade on the coast

Seattle newspaper strike of 1936, white collar workers, employer refuses to negotiate sees the walkout and shut down of work for 3.5 months

Lower paying jobs, those in the most need, didnt receive the benefits they needed

Attempt to aid farm workers had to wait until the 60s in California with the work of Cesar Chavez