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Economic Activity and Energy - Coggle Diagram
Economic Activity and Energy
Economic Structures:
Group of jobs that have something in common, for example extracting materials or manufacturing.
Primary
Extracting raw materials
Secondary
Manufacturing products from raw materials
Tertiary
Providing commercial, professional and social services
Quaternary
Researching and processing information
Clark Fisher model
Factors Influencing Location
Raw Materials
Cheap land
Customers
Good Transport
Infrastructure
Employees
Amenities
Reasons for change
Raw Materials: Can be depleted
New Technology: Replaces manpower (More efficient)
Globalisation: Pushes countries to focus on their economic strengths as they can import/export resources
Government Policies: Control the future prospects of the country
Demographic and social change: Increase in population leads to increased demand for resources
Impact of economical change
Case Studies
China
Rapidly modernizing/developing
People are transitioning from the primary to secondary industry due to higher wages
Higher standard of living as people are moving out of poverty
Widening gap between rural and urban areas
Cities become urban metropolises
Low GDP per capita
UK
Post Industrial:
50 years ago manufacturing made up 40% of the economic wealth, however due to global shift the UK has shut down their manufacturing industry
Few people work in agriculture due to hard labour
Industrial areas reduced to rubble and many people uprooted from their homes or forced to search for new jobs.
Informal Employment
Outside of the law
No healthcare benefits or paid leaves
Self Employment
Men, Women and children in employment
Decide your own hours
Irregular hours and uncertain wages
Street stalls, services and small scale industries
Uses cheap materials - produces low quality goods
Advantages
Provides a means to make money for the poor/people who don't have necessary qualifications.
More freedom - you can choose your own hours and it is flexible with your schedule. Additionally, no need to pay taxes as they are outside of the law
Provides general goods and services to the public without being sanctioned by the government
Disadvantages
Child Labour - children are working in stalls instead of going to school meaning that they won't have the necessary qualifications for getting a job in the future and cycle repeats
No healthcare or unemployment benefits - can be dangerous and lead to accidents and there's no insurance for it
Uncertain legal status - can be disadvantageous in situations
Can lead to discrimination or prejudice
Relationship between population and resources
Malthus
As the resources increase, so will the population. When the population eventually exceeds the resource count, there will be large-scale famines and conflict in order to reduce the population. And the cycle will begin again.
Boserup
As the population increases, humanity will adapt and use their technological advancements to help the resources keep up with the growth of the population.
Renewable and Nonrenewable Energy
Energy Efficiency =
Energy usage that reduces waste in homes and effectively uses the maximum energy from a source.
Renewable Energy
Hydro
good regular supply of water needed; water held in reservoir, channeled through pipes to a turbine
Advantages:
Very clean
Reservoirs/dams can also control flooding/provide water in terms
Often in remote, mountainous, sparsely populated areas
Disadvantages:
Large areas of land flooded
Silt trapped behind dam (lake silts up)
Visual pollution from pylons and dam
Geothermal
Advantages:
Sulphuric gasses
Expensive to develop
Very high temperature can create maintenance problems
Disadvantages:
Initially expensive to set up
Only works in areas of volcanic activity
Geothermal and volcanic activity might calm down over time, leaving power stations redundant
Dangerous elements found underground must be disposed of carefully
Boreholes can be drilled below ground to use the Earth’s natural heat; cold water is pumped down, hot water or steam are channelled back
Wind
Advantages
:
Potentially infinite energy supply
Versatile in terms of size and number of turbines
Can supply energy to rural areas that are not connected to the electricity grid
Disadvantages:
Manufacture and implementation of wind farms can be costly
Some local people object to on-shore wind farms, arguing that it spoils the countryside
Some argue windfarms are dangerous for birds and other wildlife
Wind is an unreliable source of constant energy
Wind drives blades to turn turbines
Biofuels and waste
Advantages:
Cheap and readily available
Provides constant, reliable energy
If the crops are replaced, biomass can be a long-term, sustainable energy source
Widely available, especially in LICs
Uses waste products
Can be used at a local level
Disadvantages:
When burned, it gives off atmospheric pollutants (contributes to the build-up of greenhouse gases)
If crops are not replanted, biomass is a non-renewable resource
Can be expensive to set up
Waste cannot be recycled
Fermented animal or plant waste or crops (e.g. sugar cane); refuse incineration
Solar
Advantages:
Potentially infinite energy supply
Single/domestic dwellings can have their own electricity supply
Maintenance and upkeep costs are low
Can be built into new buildings
Can be used in most parts of the world
Disadvantages:
Manufacture and implementation of solar panels are costly
Energy is only supplied during the daytime and when there is enough sun (night and clouds mean that solar energy is reduced)
Energy can be stored but this is expensive
Solar farms take up large areas of land
Solar panels or photovoltaic cells using sunlight
Non - renewable energy
Coal
Advantages:
High world reserves; newer mines are highly mechanized
A ready-made fuel
Relatively cheap to mine and convert into energy
Provides a constant and reliable energy source
Coal supplies last longer than oil or gas
Disadvantages:
Pollution: CO2 - the major greenhouse gas responsible for global warming. SO2 - the main gas responsible for acid rain
Mining can be difficult and dangerous; opencast pits destroy land
Heavy/Bulky to transport
There is a limited supply of coal
Formed underground from decaying plant and animal matter
Oil
Advantages:
A ready-made fuel
Relatively cheap to extract and convert into energy
Provides a constant and reliable energy source
Easy to transport
Technology for burning oil is in place
Less pollution than coal
Efficient
Disadvantages:
There is a limited supply of oil
Oil spills can cause serious environmental damage
As easily reached reserves are used up, extraction becomes more expensive
When burned, it gives off atmospheric pollutants (burning oil contributes to the build-up of greenhouse gases)
Formed underground from decaying plant and animal matter
Natural Gas
Advantages:
A ready-made fuel
Relatively cheap form of energy
Slightly cleaner than oil and coal
Versatile for both domestic and industrial use
Provides a constant and reliable energy source
Disadvantages:
There is a limited supply of gas
Highly flammable/potentially explosive
When burned, gives off atmospheric pollutants (contributes to the build-up of greenhouse gases)
Formed underground from decaying plant and animal matter; often found with oil
Fuelwood
Trees, usually in a natural environment but, can be grown specifically for fuel. Fuelwood is burned for energy.
Advantages:
Easily available
Collected daily by local people
Free
Replanting possible
Disadvantages:
Trees are used up quickly
Time-consuming (wood must be collected daily)
Deforestation leads to other problems (soil erosion, desertification)
Replanting cannot keep us with consumption
Nuclear Energy
Classified by some as non-renewable because of reliance on uranium as fuel; others regard it as renewable in that nuclear fuel may be re-used
Advantages:
Clean
Fewer greenhouse gases
Efficient (uses very small amounts of raw material)
Small amounts of waste
Disadvantages:
Dangers of radiation
High cost of building and decommisioning power stations
Problems over disposal of waste
Nuclear accidents such as Chernobyl have raised public fears
