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Psychology - Coggle Diagram
Psychology
Paper 1
Memory
The Multi-Store Model of Memory (MSM)
Types of Long-Term Memory
Episodic
Procedural
Semantic
The Working Memory Model
Explanations for Forgetting
Interference
Proactive
Retroactive
Retrieval Failure
Eye-Witness Testimonies
Factors Affecting EWTs
Misleading Information
Leading Questions
Post-Event Discussion
Anxiety
Improving the Accuracy of EWTs
Cognitive Interview
Attachment
Caregiver-Infant Interactions in humans
Reciprocity
Interactional Synchrony
Stages of Attachment -SCHAFFER
Multiple Attachments
Role of the Father
Animal Studies
Lorenz
Harlow
Explanations of Attachment
Learning Theory
BOWLBY'S Monotropic theory
Critical Period
Internal Working Model
AINSWORTH'S Strange SItuation
Types of Attachment
Secure
Insecure-Avoidant
Insecure-Resistant
Cultural Variations
VAN IJENZDOORN
BOWLBY'S Maternal Deprivation theory
Romanian Orphan Studies
Effects of Institutionalisation
The Influence of Early Attachments on Childhood and Adult Relationships
Social Influence
Conformity
Types
Explanations
Variables Affecting
ASCH
To social roles: ZIMBARDO
Obedience
Explanations
Agentic State
Legitmacy of Authority
Situational Variables Affecting
Uniform
Proximity
Location
MILGRAM
Dispositional Explanations
Resistance to Social Influence
Locus of Control
Social Suooirt
Minority Influence
Consistency
Commitment
Flexibility
The Role of Social Influence processes in Social Change
Psychopathology
Definitions of Abnormality
Statistical Infrequencty
Deviation from Ideal Mental Health
Deviation from Social Norms
Failure to Function Adequately
Phobias
Characteristics
Emotional
Cognitive
Behavioural
Behavioural Approach to Explaining and Treating
Explaining
2-Process Model
Classical Conditioning (Acquisition)
Operant Conditioning (Maintenance)
Treating
Systematic Desensitisation
Use of Hierarchy
Relaxation
Flooding
Depression
Characteristics
Emotional
Cognitive
Behavioural
Biological Approach to Explaining and Treating
Explaining
BECK'S Negative Triad
ELLIS'S ABC
Treating
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Characteristics
Emotiona
Cognitive
Behavioural
The Cognitive Approach to Explaining and Treating
Explaining
Genetic
Neural
Treating
Drugs
Paper 3
Issues and Debates
Bias
Gender
Androcentrism
Beta-Bias
Alpha-Bias
Culture
Ethnocentrism
Cultural Relativism
Free Will and Determinism
Types of Determinism
[Rigidity}
Hard Determinism
Soft Determinism
[Approaches}
Psychic Determinism
Environmental Determinism
Biological Determinism
Scientific Emphasis on Causal Explanations
Nature-Nurture Debate
Relative Importance of Heredity and the Environment in Determining Behaviour
Interactionist Approach
Levels of Explanation
Holism
Reductionism
Biological
Environmental
Approaches to Investigation
Idiographic
Nomothetic
Ethical Implications
Social Sensitivity
Cognition and Development
PIAGET'S Theory of Cognitive Development
Terms
Schemas
Assimilation
Accomodation
Equilibration
Stages of Intellectual Development
Characteristics of the Stages
Conservation
Object Permanence
Egocentrism
Class Inclusion
VYGOTSKY'S Theory of Cognitive Development
Zone of Proximal Development
Scaffolding
BAILLARGEON'S Explanation of Early Infant Abilities
Knowledge of the Physical World
Violation of Expectation (VOE) Research Method
Development of Social Cognition
SELMAN'S Levels of Perspective Taking
Theory of Mind
As an Explanation for Autism
Sally-Anne Study
The Role of Mirror Neurons in Social Cognition
Schizophrenia
Classification
Positive Symptoms
Hallucinations
Delusions
Negative Symptoms
Speech Poverty
Avolition
Reliability and Validity in Diagnosis
Co-Morbidity
Symptom Overlap
Bias
Culture
Gender
Treatments
Drug Therapy
Antipsychotics
Typical
Atypical
Therapy
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
Family Therapy
Token Economies (Management of Schizophrenia)
The Importance of an Interactionist Approach
Diathesis-Stress Model
Explanations
Biological
Genetic and Neural Correlates
Dopamine Hypothesis
Psychological
Family Dysfunction
Cognitive Explanations
Dysfunctional Thought Processing
Forensic Psychology
Offender Profiling
Top-Down Approach
Types of Offender
Disorganised
Organised
Bottom-Up Approach
Investigative Psychology
Geographical Profiling
Explanations
Biological
Atavistic (a Historical Approach)
Genetic and Neural
Psychological
EYESENCK'S Theory of the Criminal Personality
Cognitive Explanations
Levels of Moral Reasoning
Cognitive Distortions
Hostile Attribution Bias
Minimalisation
Differential Association Theory
Psychodynamic
Dealing with Offending Behaviour
Custodial Sentencing
Aims of
Psychological Effects of
Recidivism
Behaviour Modification in Custody
Anger Management
Restorative Justice Programmes
Paper 2
Approaches
Origins of Psychology
WUNDT, Introspection
The emergence of psychology as a science
Learning Approaches
Behaviourist Approach
Basic Assumptions
Classical Conditioning - PAVLOV
Operant Conditioning - SKINNER
Types of Reinforcement
Social Learning Theory (SLT)
Parts
Imitation
Identification
Modelling
Vicarious Reinforcement
Basic Assumptions
The Role of Mediational Processes
BANDURAS
Cognitive Approach
Basic Assumptions
The Study of Internal Mental Processes
The Role of Schema
The Use of Theoretical and Computer Models
Theoretical
Computer Models
The Emergence of Cognitive Neuroscience
Biological Approach
Influence on Behaviour
Genes
Biological Structures
Neurochemistry
Geno/Phenotypes
Genotypes
Phenotypes
Genetic Basis of Behaviour
Evolution and Behaviour
Basic Assumptions
Psychodynamic Approach
The Role of the Unconscious
The Structure of Personality
ID
Ego
SuperEgo
Defence Mechanism
Denial
Displacement
Repression
Psychosexual Stages
Basic Assumptions
Humanistic Approach
Free Will
Self-Actualisation
MASLOW'S Hierarchy of Needs
Focusing on the Self
Congruence
The Role of Conditions of Worth
Influence of Counselling Psychology
Basic Assumptions
Comparison of Approaches
Biopsychology
Division of the Nervous System
Types of Neurons
Sensory
Motor
Relay
The Process of Synaptic Transmission
Functions of the Endocrine System
Fight or Flight Response
Localisation of Function in the Brain
Hemispheric Lateralisation
BROCA and WERNICKE'S areas
Split-Brain Research
Plasticity and Functional Recovery of the Brain After Trauma
Structure of the Brain
Motor
Somatosensory
Visual
Auditory
Language
Ways of Studying the Brain
functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRIs)
Electroenchephalogram (EEGs)
Event Related Potentials (ERPs)
Post-Mortem Examinations
Biological Rhythms
Circadian
Infradian
Ultradian
The Effect of Endogenous Pacemakers and Exogenous Zeitgebers on the Sleep/Wake Cycle
Research Methods
Research Methods
Experimental Methods
Types of Experiment
Laboratory
Field
Natural
Quasi
Observational Techniques
Types of Observation
Naturalistic/Controlled
Covert/Overt
Participant/Non-Participant
Self-Report Techniques
Questionnaires
Structured
Unstructured
Interviews
Structured
Unstructured
Correlations
Analysis of the Relationship Between Co-Variables
The Difference Between Correlations and Experiments
Content Analysts
Case Studies
Scientific Processes
Aims
Hypotheses
Directional
Non-Directional
Sampling
Difference Between Population and Sample
Techniques
Random
Systematic
Stratified
Opportunity
Volunteer
Implications of sampling techniques
Bias
Generalisation
Pilot Studies
Experimental Designs
Repeated Measures
Independent Groups
Matched Pairs
Observational Design
Behavioural Categories
Time Sampling
Event Sampling
Questionnaire Construction
Questions
Closed
Open
Design of Interviews
Variables
Manipulation and Control
Types
Dependent
Independent
Extraneous
Confounding
Operationalisation
Control
Random Allocation
Counterbalancing
Randomisation
Standardisation
Demand Characteristics
Investigator Effects
Ethics
British Psychological Society's (BPS) Code of Ethics
Ethical Issues in Design and Conduct of Psychological Studies
Dealing with Ethical Issues
The Role of Peer Reviewing
The Implications of Psychological research on the economy
Reliability
Ways of Assessing Reliability
Test-Retest
Inter-Observer Reliability
Improving Reliability
Validity
Types
Face
Concurrent
Ecological
Temporal
Assessment of Validity
Improving Validity
Features of a Science
Objectivity
The Empirical Method
Replicability
Falsifiability
Theory Construction
Hypothesis Testing
Paradigms
Paradigm Shifts
Reporting Psychological Investigations
Sections of a Psychological Report
Abstract
Introduction
Method
Results
Discussion
Referencing
Data Handling and Analysis
Quantitative and Qualitative Data
Quantitative Data
Presentation and Display
Graphs
Tables
Scattergrams
Bar Charts
Histograms
Qualitative Data
Primary and Secondary Data
Primary Data
Secondary Data
Meta-Analysis
Descriptive Statistics
Measures of Central Tendency
Mean
Median
Mode
Measures of Dispersion
Range
Standard Deviation
Calculations
Range
Percentages
Correlations
Types
Zero
Negative
Positive
Analysis and Interpretation
Correlation Coefficients
Distributions
Normal
Skewed
Levels of Measurement
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Content Analysis and Coding
Thematic Analysis
Inferential Testing
The Sign Test
When to use it
Calculation of it
Significance
The use of Statistical Tables
The use of Critical Values
Probability
Type 1 and 2 Errors
Type 1
Type 2
Factors Affecting the choice of Statistical Test
Level of Measurement
Experimental Design
When to use ___
Spearman's Rho
Pearson's R
Wilcoxon
Mann-Whitney
Related T-Test
Unrelated T-Test
Chi-Squared