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Topic 16- Social Impact of Religious and Economic changes under Mary I -…
Topic 16- Social Impact of Religious and Economic changes under Mary I
A. Religious change under Mary and its social impact:
Mary's key religious reforms
Oct 1553- first statute of repeal which repealed religious laws that had been passed during EVI's reign
the order of service as at the time of Henry VIII's death was restored, and all clergy who had been married when permitted to do so could be deprived of their livings
the legal status of the CofE was upheld at this time as M1 had to face the dilemma that if she relied on parliamentary legislation to reverse royal supremacy, this would mean the acceptance that the laws passed under Henry VIII were valid- AKA M1 would have to accept the superiority of statute law over divine law, the opposite of her belief
Mary's third parliament assembled in Nov 1554- saw the heresy laws restored and the return of cardinal pole to England as the act of attainder passed against him by Henry viii was reversed
a key problem for M1 was what should happen to the monastic lands of dissolved monasteries that was now in private hands- it was clear to Pope Julius III and Pole that the land should return to the church
January 1555- second statute of repeal which repealed anti-papal legislation from Henry VIII's reign
this revoked the royal supremacy- however when Julius III died in 1555 he was replaced by anti Spanish Paul IV
he was hostile to Pole as well as Philip II, and in April 1557 he dismissed Pole as a papal legate- Mary trusted pole and refused to ackowledge superior papal authority which place the new legate, William Pete, above Archbishop of C- made the legal relationship with the pope difficult
Feb 1555- first burnings for heresy
21st March 1556- Burning of Archbishop Cranmer
The Burning of Heretics:
the fate of Marys victims was published in Foxe's Book of Martyrs
around 280 protestants were burnt at the stake for heresy
Mary's other religious reforms:
M1 religious policy was not purely repressive, Pole saw his role in pastoral terms- the resources of the church had been eroded for 20 yrs needed to be restored, and the quality and quantity of priests needed to be improved
pole tried to ensure the quality of pastoral provisions- most of the new bishops appointed under Mary took their pastoral responsibilities seriously, in accord with the spirit of the Catholic reformation. Poles' legatine synod of 1555 to 1556 made his expectations clear
B. Economic changes and its social impact
financial reforms:
court of exchequer (led by lord treasurer winchester) took over the court of first fruits and tenths, and the court of augmentation- this was successful as the lord treasurer was competent
1558 Book of Rates increased customs revenue substantially, and E1 made no further adjustments to it throughout her reign
plans for recoinage were drawn up by M1's officials but were not put in place due to extreme difficulties- E1 used these plans to great effect
Poor relief:
lots of attention put into poverty between 1550 to 1558 due to epidemic and harvest failure and tax for French war
particular emphasis placed on enforcement of laws against grain hoarding and encouragement to convert pasture land to tillage
very difficult to assess the effect of these measures
Naval and Militia Reforms:
were broadly successful- six new ships built and £14,000 allocated to to navy during peacetime- so successful that E1 reduces spending to £12,000
C. The Wyatt Rebellion 1554
motives:
some were motivated by religion, with many of Wyatt's urban supporters coming from maidstone (a protestant stronghold)
xenophobia
Decline in the local cloth trade might well have prompted some poorer rebels to use the revolt as a means of expressing their social and economic grievances
The rebellion seems also to have attracted some gentry who had lost office within the country
however the most important motive was resentment to the proposed foreign marriage, especially amongst the rebellions' leaders- there was an implicit objective to remove Mary- though never openly stated
Key Events:
25 Jan: Wyatt raises his standard in Maidstone to signify the start of the rebellion
28 Jan: D of Norfolk's force unable to engage the rebels; Norfolk forced to retreat
01 Feb: Queen rallies support with a speech at Guildhall in City of London
03 Feb: Rebels reach Southwark but are prevented from crossing to the city with the crown forces holding London Bridge- probably the critical turning point
06 Feb- rebels move upstream to Kingston upon Thames and cross river there, moving back to London
07 Feb- Rebels stop at Ludgate on the edge of city of London, Wyatt surrenders
Significance:
it showed that, although protestants were in a minority, their religious opinions could not be ignored
it demonstrated the extent to which there was popular suspicion of the proposed Spanish marriage
-It resulted in the execution of Lady Jane Grey, an innocent victim of her father's support for the rebellion
E1 was confined to the tower for two months after the rebellion (however Wyatt had no implicated her in the rebellion)- Wyatt was executed
D. Intellectual development, including humanist and religious thought
M1's reign showed little influence of humanism as under her Catholicism there was little scope for evangelical humanism
Pole's governance of the church seemed to show little influence of humanism
Pope Paul IV regarded the greatest of all catholic humanist scholars- Erasmus- as a heretic and so his books were placed on a banned list of books for all catholics forbidden to be read
Pole was keen to stress papal supremacy despite Paul IV being hostile towards him
Edmund Bonner, Bishop of London and Villain in the book of martyrs, published a doctrine and a book of homilies to replace that which had been published by Edwardian church
800 Protestants go into exile