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Brianna Cabrera P.1 Digestive & Urinary System. - Coggle Diagram
Brianna Cabrera P.1 Digestive & Urinary System.
Major functions of the digestive system
Digestion: mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods and absorption of nutrients
Mechanical digestion breaks down large pieces of food into
smaller ones
Chemical digestion breaks down large nutrient molecules into
smaller chemicals, by breaking chemical bonds
The digestive system carries out the process of digestion
The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal which is the digestive tract, leading from mouth to anus,
Major functions of the urinary system
Helps maintain normal concentrations of electrolytes and water
Regulates pH and body fluid volume
Filters salts and wastes from the blood
Helps control red blood cell production and blood pressure
Major organs of the urinary systems
Ureters, which transport urine from kidneys to bladder
Begins as the funnel-shaped renal pelvis
Muscular tube that conveys urine from the kidney to the
urinary bladder
Urinary bladder, which stores urine
Stores urine, and excretes it through the urethra
Portion of the lower bladder forms the internal urethral
sphincter
Hollow, distensible, muscular organ lying in the pelvic cavity
Kidneys, which filter the blood
Each kidney has 2 major regions
Renal cortex
Surrounds the renal medulla
Renal medulla
Functions of the kidneys
Remove metabolic wastes from the blood in the process,
forming urine
Regulate the volume, composition, and pH of body fluids
Help control the rate of red blood cell formation
Urethra, which conveys urine to the outside of the body
In females, it is 4 cm long. In males, the urethra is much longer
Contains internal urethral sphincter (smooth muscle) and
external urethral sphincter (skeletal muscle)
Tubular organ that transports urine from the urinary bladder to
the outside of the body
Layers of the GI tract (including stomach)
Submucosa
Lies under the mucosa
Consists of loose connective tissue, housing blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, and glands
Nourishes the surrounding layers of the canal
Vessels transport absorbed nutrients away from digestive organs
Muscularis
Consists of 2 layers of smooth muscle: inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer
Propels food through the canal
Mucosa
Consists of epithelium, underlying connective tissue, a little smooth muscle
Protects tissues of the canal
A mucous membrane that surrounds the lumen of the tube
Carries on secretion and absorption of dietary nutrients
The inner layer of the wall
Serosa
Outer serous layer, or visceral peritoneum
Protects underlying tissues, and secretes serous fluid to reduce friction between organs
Digestive enzymes (including names and functions)
Pepsin, produced in the stomach. Pepsin helps break down proteins into amino acids.
Trypsin, produced in the pancreas. Trypsin also breaks down proteins.
Amylase, produced in the mouth. It helps break down large starch molecules into smaller molecules.
Pancreatic lipase, produced in the pancreas. It is used to break apart fats
Deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease, produced in the pancreas. They are enzymes that break bonds in nucleic acids like DNA and RNA.
Major organs of the digestive system
Pancreas
Pancreas is both endocrine and exocrine gland
Exocrine function is to produce pancreatic juice that aids digestion
Liver
Divided into large right and left lobes, and is enclosed by a
fibrous capsule
Responsible for many metabolic activities, such as the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
Filters the blood, removing damaged red blood cells and foreign substances, and removes toxins
Role in digestion is to secrete bile
Stomach
Mixes food with digestive juices
Begins digestion of proteins
Limited absorption of nutrients occurs in stomach
Propels food to the small intestine
Rugae, or gastric folds, of the mucosa and submucosa, allow for
distention
Receives food from esophagus
Gallbladder
Stores bile between meals and reabsorbs water to concentrate the bile
Contraction of its muscular wall releases bile into the duodenum
The gallbladder is a pear-shaped sac on the inferior surface of the liver
Esophagus
Extends downward through an opening in the diaphragm
Mucous glands scattered throughout submucosa produce
mucus to moisten and lubricate the inner lining of the tube
Straight, collapsible food passageway leading to the stomach
Lower esophageal (cardiac, cardioesophageal) sphincter helps
to prevent regurgitation of the stomach contents into the
esophagus
Small Intestine
Receives chyme from stomach
Receives pancreatic juice from pancreas and bile from liver and
gallbladder
Small intestine is a long tubular organ, which runs from the
stomach to the beginning of the large intestine
Finishes digestion of nutrients that arrive in the chyme
Absorbs digestive end products
Transports the remaining residue to the large intestine
Mouth
Functions: receives food, and begins mechanical digestion by
mastication (chewing)
The narrow space between the teeth, cheeks, and lips is called
the vestibule
First portion of the alimentary canal
Oral cavity is the chamber between the palate and tongue
Large Intestine
Mucus is the only important secretion of the large intestine;
secreted by numerous goblet cells
Absorbs electrolytes and water
Does not digest or absorb nutrients
Contains important bacteria, intestinal flora, which synthesize
vitamins (K, B12, thiamine, riboflavin);
Nephron anatomy and physiology
About one million nephrons per kidney
Consists of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule
Renal tubule consists of the following parts, in this order
Proximal convoluted tubule
Nephron loop
Glomerular capsule
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct
Functional unit of kidney; can produce urine independently
Disorders of the digestive and urinary systems
Peptic Ulcers
Sores that develop in the lining of the stomach or the duodenum.
Risk Factors: Stress, Smoking, and Imbalance in gastric juices
Symptoms: Heartburn, Bloddy vomit, and weight loss
Treatment Options: Endoscopic Surgery, Lifestyle Changes, and Medication
Bladder Cancer: when cells of the bladder abnormally
Risk factors: Radiation, Chemicals, and Drugs
Symptoms: Pain when you pass urine, pain in the lower abdomen, and Back pain
Treatment Options: Medications, Antibiotics, and Clinical trials.
Cholecystitis is an inflammation of the gall bladder
Risk factors: digestive tumors, inflammation, and gallstones
Symptoms: Bloating, Chills, and Nausea
Treatment Options: Antibiotics, Medication, and Cholecystectomy