Urinary/Digestive System Alejandro Alvarez P2

Major Functions of Digestive System

. ingestion and digestion of food

. nutrient absorption

. secretion of water and enzymes

. excretion of waste

Major Functions of the Urinary System

. filters salt and waste from the blood

. helps maintain normal concentration of electrolytes and water

. regulates pH and body fluid volume

. helps control red blood cell production and blood pressure

Major Organs of the Digestive system

Alimentary Canal

Accessory organs

pharynx

esophagus

mouth

stomach

small intestine

large intestine

teeth

salivary glands

pancreas

liver

gallbladder

Major Organs of the Urinary system

Kidneys

Ureters

urinary bladder

urethra

Digestive Enzymes

salivary amylase

Pepsin

pancreatic amylase

pancreatic lipase

nuclease

trypsin, chymotrypsin, and
carboxypeptidase

peptidases

Sucrase, maltase, and lactase

Absorption and Digestion of Macromolecules

proteins

starch

Disaccharides

Triglyceride’s

dipeptides

Function: receives food and begins mechanical digestion through mastication or chewing

structure: surrounded by lips, cheeks, tounge, and palate

Function: transwers chewed up food from mouth to the esophagus

structure: divided into the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

Function: serves as a long passageway for food to go into stomach

Structure: extends downward, contains mucus cells, and a lower esophageal sphincter to prevent backflow of food.

Structure: j shaped, divided into 4 regions: cardiac, fundus, body, and pylorus

Function: mixes food with digestion juices, begins digestion of proteins, forms chyme

Function: receives chyme and pancreatic juices, finishes digestion of nutrients, absorbs digestive end products, transports remaining residue to large intestine

Structure: divided into 3 parts: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

Function: absorbs water and electrolytes, contains important bacteria which synthesize vitamins, forms/stores feces

Structure:consists of the cecum, colon (ascending, transverse, and descending colon), rectum, and anal canal

Function: Through chewing, teeth break down larger pieces of food into smaller ones, begins mechanical digestion.

Structure:contain 20 primary teeth that are replaced by 32 secondary teeth, different teeth are adapted to handle food differently which include incisors, cuspids, bicuspids, and molars

Function: moistens and dissolves food particles, binds them together, aids in tasting, cleanses mouth and teeth, and begins carb digestion

Structure: consists of serous cells that secrete amylase and mucus cells that secrete mucus

Function: produces pancreatic juices that aids in digestion

Structure: lies in the upper abcomen, divided into the head, neck, body, and tail

Function: responsible for metabolic activities, maintains proper blood concentration of glucose, stores glycogen and vitamins, filters the blood, and secretes bile

structure: divided into right and left lobes and is enclosed by a fibrous capsule.

Function: stores bile between meals and reabsorbs water to concentrate bile

structure: pear-shaped sac on the inferior surface of the liver

Function: breaks down starch into disaccharides

Location: salivary glands

Location: in the stomach

Function: digests proteins

Function: breaks down starch into disaccharides

Location: pancreatic juices

Function: breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol

Location: pancreatic juices

Function: breaks down nucleic acids into nucleotides

Location: pancreatic juices

Function: breaks down proteins into peptides

Location: pancreatic juices

Function: breaks down peptides into amino acids

Location: small intestine

Function: breaks down disaccharides into monosaccharides

Location: small intestine

Structure: reddish brown, bean shaped, enclosed in a tough fibrous capsule, divided into the renal medulla, renal cortex, and renal sinus

Function: regulates volume, composition, and pH of body fluids, removes metabolic wastes from the blood, forms urine, helps control rate of red blood cell formation

Function: conveys urine from the kidneys into the urinary bladder

Structure: muscular tubes, begins as the funnel-shaped renal pelvis

Function: stores urine and excretes it through urethra

structure: hollow, distensible, muscular organ lying in the pelvic cavity

structure: long tubular organ, contains internal and external urethral sphincter

Function: transports urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.

. starts digestion in the mouth

. starts digestion in the stomach

. continues digesting in the small intestine

Nucleic Acids

. starts digestion in the small intestine

. initiated by pancreatic juices

. starts digestion in the small intesine

.. starts digestion in the small intestine

. initiated through pancreatic juices

.. starts digestion in the small intestine

Layers of the GI Tract

Submucosa

Muscularis

Mucosa (innermost)

Serosa (Outermost)

. contains mucus membrane

. protects tissue of the canal

carries on secretion and absorption of nutrients

consists of epithelium, underlying connective tissue, and a little smooth muscle

. lies under mucusa

consists of loose CT,

. nourishes the surounding layers of canal

. consists of 2 layers of smooth muscle

. inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer

. propels food through canal

outer serous layer

protects underlying tissues, secretes serous fluid to prevent friction.

Disorders of the Digestive and Urinary system

Digestive

Urinary

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Cholecystitis

Peptic Ulcers

Bladder Cancer

Urinary Tract Infection

Colitis

Crohns Disease

Kidney Stones

Symptoms: pain, nausea, fever

Causes: hormonal changes, rapid weight loss

. redness and swelling of the gallbladder

Causes: frequent acid reflux, smoking, asthma

chronic disease in which esophageal sphincter relaxes allowing contents of stomach back into esophagus

Symptoms: chest pain, dysphagia, acid reflux

Treatment: antibiotics, surgery, fasting

Treatment: over the counter meds, prescribed meds, surgery

Causes: unknown, genetics, environment

Symptoms: abdominal pain, diarrhea, bowel obstruction

inflammation in the digestive tract

Treatment: medications, antibiotics, surgery

Causes: smoking, alcohol use, imbalance of gastric juice

Symptoms: heartburn, bloody stool, vomiting

sores developed in lining of stomach or duodenum

Treatment: lifestyle changes, medication, endoscopic therapy

causes: infection by virus, food poisoning, radiation to colon

Symptoms: pain in abdomen, blood in stool, fever

inflammation of inner lining of colon

Treatment: antibiotics, corticosteroids, immune modifiers

chronic disease casuing inflammation and irritation of the digestive tract

causes: age, smoking, family history

symptoms: diarrhea, fever, fatigue

treatment: antibiotics, surgery, medication

Causes: smoking, radiation to pelvis, chronic inflammation

Symptoms: hematuria, back pain, frequent urination

abnormal growth of bladder cells, tumors in lining of stomach

Treatment: cancer drugs, well balanced diet, cancer screenings

causes: kidney damage, spread to bloodstream, bacteria in urethra

symptoms: burning while urinating, cloudy urine, blood in urine

abnormal growth of bacteria along urinary tract

Treatment: antibiotics, probiotics, urine sterilizing pills

causes: kidney damage, kidney failure, block flow of urine

symptoms: sharp cramp pain, nausea, dark red blood

hard stones of hard minerals and salt in kidneys

treatment: medication, surgery, stone passes on its own.

Nephron Anatomy and Phisology

Renal Corpuscle

Renal Tubule

glomerulus

proximal convoluted tubule

Nephron Loop

glomerular capsule

distal convoluted tubule

collecting duct

performs first step in urine formation

receives filtrate

. filters water and small substances from blood plamsa

. creates space in which urine can pass through to the proximal convoluted tubule

. cuplike sac around glomerulus

. most reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule

. cells contain microvilli which increases surface area for reabsorption

. consists of the ascending and descending limbs

ascending limb reabsorbs sodium, potassium, and chloride

. decending limb reabsorbs water by osmosis

. reabsorbs sodium and water

secretes hydrogen and potassium ions

. reabsorbs water through osmosis