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Urinary/Digestive System Alejandro Alvarez P2 - Coggle Diagram
Urinary/Digestive System Alejandro Alvarez P2
Major Functions of Digestive System
. ingestion and digestion of food
. nutrient absorption
. secretion of water and enzymes
. excretion of waste
Major Functions of the Urinary System
. filters salt and waste from the blood
. helps maintain normal concentration of electrolytes and water
. regulates pH and body fluid volume
. helps control red blood cell production and blood pressure
Major Organs of the Digestive system
Alimentary Canal
pharynx
Function: transwers chewed up food from mouth to the esophagus
structure: divided into the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
esophagus
Function: serves as a long passageway for food to go into stomach
Structure: extends downward, contains mucus cells, and a lower esophageal sphincter to prevent backflow of food.
mouth
Function: receives food and begins mechanical digestion through mastication or chewing
structure: surrounded by lips, cheeks, tounge, and palate
stomach
Structure: j shaped, divided into 4 regions: cardiac, fundus, body, and pylorus
Function: mixes food with digestion juices, begins digestion of proteins, forms chyme
small intestine
Function: receives chyme and pancreatic juices, finishes digestion of nutrients, absorbs digestive end products, transports remaining residue to large intestine
Structure: divided into 3 parts: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
large intestine
Function: absorbs water and electrolytes, contains important bacteria which synthesize vitamins, forms/stores feces
Structure:consists of the cecum, colon (ascending, transverse, and descending colon), rectum, and anal canal
Accessory organs
teeth
Function: Through chewing, teeth break down larger pieces of food into smaller ones, begins mechanical digestion.
Structure:contain 20 primary teeth that are replaced by 32 secondary teeth, different teeth are adapted to handle food differently which include incisors, cuspids, bicuspids, and molars
salivary glands
Function: moistens and dissolves food particles, binds them together, aids in tasting, cleanses mouth and teeth, and begins carb digestion
Structure: consists of serous cells that secrete amylase and mucus cells that secrete mucus
pancreas
Function: produces pancreatic juices that aids in digestion
Structure: lies in the upper abcomen, divided into the head, neck, body, and tail
liver
Function: responsible for metabolic activities, maintains proper blood concentration of glucose, stores glycogen and vitamins, filters the blood, and secretes bile
structure: divided into right and left lobes and is enclosed by a fibrous capsule.
gallbladder
Function: stores bile between meals and reabsorbs water to concentrate bile
structure: pear-shaped sac on the inferior surface of the liver
Major Organs of the Urinary system
Kidneys
Structure: reddish brown, bean shaped, enclosed in a tough fibrous capsule, divided into the renal medulla, renal cortex, and renal sinus
Function: regulates volume, composition, and pH of body fluids, removes metabolic wastes from the blood, forms urine, helps control rate of red blood cell formation
Ureters
Function: conveys urine from the kidneys into the urinary bladder
Structure: muscular tubes, begins as the funnel-shaped renal pelvis
urinary bladder
Function: stores urine and excretes it through urethra
structure: hollow, distensible, muscular organ lying in the pelvic cavity
urethra
structure: long tubular organ, contains internal and external urethral sphincter
Function: transports urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.
Digestive Enzymes
salivary amylase
Function: breaks down starch into disaccharides
Location: salivary glands
Pepsin
Location: in the stomach
Function: digests proteins
pancreatic amylase
Function: breaks down starch into disaccharides
Location: pancreatic juices
pancreatic lipase
Function: breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol
Location: pancreatic juices
nuclease
Function: breaks down nucleic acids into nucleotides
Location: pancreatic juices
trypsin, chymotrypsin, and
carboxypeptidase
Function: breaks down proteins into peptides
Location: pancreatic juices
peptidases
Function: breaks down peptides into amino acids
Location: small intestine
Sucrase, maltase, and lactase
Function: breaks down disaccharides into monosaccharides
Location: small intestine
Absorption and Digestion of Macromolecules
proteins
. starts digestion in the stomach
starch
. starts digestion in the mouth
. continues digesting in the small intestine
Disaccharides
.. starts digestion in the small intestine
Triglyceride’s
. starts digestion in the small intesine
. initiated through pancreatic juices
dipeptides
.. starts digestion in the small intestine
. initiated through pancreatic juices
Nucleic Acids
. starts digestion in the small intestine
. initiated by pancreatic juices
Layers of the GI Tract
Submucosa
. lies under mucusa
consists of loose CT,
. nourishes the surounding layers of canal
Muscularis
. consists of 2 layers of smooth muscle
. inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer
. propels food through canal
Mucosa (innermost)
. contains mucus membrane
. protects tissue of the canal
carries on secretion and absorption of nutrients
consists of epithelium, underlying connective tissue, and a little smooth muscle
Serosa (Outermost)
outer serous layer
protects underlying tissues, secretes serous fluid to prevent friction.
Disorders of the Digestive and Urinary system
Digestive
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Causes: frequent acid reflux, smoking, asthma
chronic disease in which esophageal sphincter relaxes allowing contents of stomach back into esophagus
Symptoms: chest pain, dysphagia, acid reflux
Treatment: over the counter meds, prescribed meds, surgery
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Causes: unknown, genetics, environment
Symptoms: abdominal pain, diarrhea, bowel obstruction
inflammation in the digestive tract
Treatment: medications, antibiotics, surgery
Cholecystitis
Symptoms: pain, nausea, fever
Causes: hormonal changes, rapid weight loss
. redness and swelling of the gallbladder
Treatment: antibiotics, surgery, fasting
Peptic Ulcers
Causes: smoking, alcohol use, imbalance of gastric juice
Symptoms: heartburn, bloody stool, vomiting
sores developed in lining of stomach or duodenum
Treatment: lifestyle changes, medication, endoscopic therapy
Colitis
causes: infection by virus, food poisoning, radiation to colon
Symptoms: pain in abdomen, blood in stool, fever
inflammation of inner lining of colon
Treatment: antibiotics, corticosteroids, immune modifiers
Crohns Disease
chronic disease casuing inflammation and irritation of the digestive tract
causes: age, smoking, family history
symptoms: diarrhea, fever, fatigue
treatment: antibiotics, surgery, medication
Urinary
Bladder Cancer
Causes: smoking, radiation to pelvis, chronic inflammation
Symptoms: hematuria, back pain, frequent urination
abnormal growth of bladder cells, tumors in lining of stomach
Treatment: cancer drugs, well balanced diet, cancer screenings
Urinary Tract Infection
causes: kidney damage, spread to bloodstream, bacteria in urethra
symptoms: burning while urinating, cloudy urine, blood in urine
abnormal growth of bacteria along urinary tract
Treatment: antibiotics, probiotics, urine sterilizing pills
Kidney Stones
causes: kidney damage, kidney failure, block flow of urine
symptoms: sharp cramp pain, nausea, dark red blood
hard stones of hard minerals and salt in kidneys
treatment: medication, surgery, stone passes on its own.
Nephron Anatomy and Phisology
Renal Corpuscle
glomerulus
performs first step in urine formation
receives filtrate
. filters water and small substances from blood plamsa
Renal Tubule
proximal convoluted tubule
. most reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule
. cells contain microvilli which increases surface area for reabsorption
Nephron Loop
. consists of the ascending and descending limbs
ascending limb reabsorbs sodium, potassium, and chloride
. decending limb reabsorbs water by osmosis
glomerular capsule
. creates space in which urine can pass through to the proximal convoluted tubule
. cuplike sac around glomerulus
distal convoluted tubule
. reabsorbs sodium and water
secretes hydrogen and potassium ions
collecting duct
. reabsorbs water through osmosis