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Unit 1, Unit 5, Unit 2, Unit 3, Unit 6, Unit 9, Unit 4, Mass Spectroscopy,…
Unit 1
Periodic trends
Atomic Radius increases from right to left because number of protons decreases so nuclear charge decreases, so less coloumbic attraction to electrons from nucleus
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Cation(remove electrons to become more positive) means that less electron shells, smaller radius than parent IMPORTANT SAME NUCLEAR ATTRACTION OVER FEWER ELECTRONS
Anions(add electrons to become more negative) means more electron shells, larger radius MORE ELECTRON-ELECTRON REPULSION(PAIRS WITH SAME CHARGES GET AS FAR AWAY FROM EACH OTHER INCREASING ELECTRON CLOUD, INCREASING RADIUS) Ci-
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When an atom gains one or more electrons to become an anion, the additional electrons enter into the existing electron cloud. These extra electrons experience repulsion from the other electrons already present in the atom's electron cloud. This repulsion causes the electron cloud to expand, resulting in an increase in the atomic radius of the anion compared to the neutral atom.
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Electron Affinity
Increases from left to right bc filling in electron shell, so energy is released and is ready to accept electron
Increases bottom to top, because electron is further from nucleus and less attracted so going to be given away no electrons gained
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Pure Composition
Calculate the composition by multiplying the percent by the 1/molar mass. then you can get the empirical formula
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Unit 5
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Graphing
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Half life can be found with the equation t=0.693/k half order should also remain constant and shouldn't depend on concentration
Reaction Mechanisms
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The intermediate is not found in the final balanced equation and is produced in on step and consumed in another
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Rate Laws:
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Zero Order: means that there is no change in rate
First Order : means that there is a double in the rate so 2^1 or 3^1
Second Order: means that there is a square in the rate so like 2^2 or 3^ 2
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Collision Model
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Orientation is important because in order for a reaction to occur the molecules must collide with enough energy and with the correct orientation to react and form products
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Maxwell Boltzmann Distribution: when there is a increase in temperature, more molecules have the minimum activation needed
Unit 2
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Types of bonds
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Metallic bonding
- Metallic attraction occurs when postively charged ions (cations) are attracted to the sea of delocalized electrons
- Since the sea of electrons are free flowing the electrons are able to move within the lattice structure resulting in better conductivity and higher melting point
- Luster, malleable,ductile,conductors
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Bond Orders
Triple Bond order has a shorter distance and higher force of attraction than a single bond because of the higher electron densisity which creates a stronger coulombic attraction pulling everthing together
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Unit 3
Gas Laws
Increase in pressure is caused by collison of gas molecules with the surface of the container. It is dependnet on how forcefully and frequently they strike the walls.
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Ideal gas law: Pv=nRT
Ideal Gases: volume is equal to the volume of the container, no IMFS, no pulling forces between molecules and wall
- mass of molecules is essentially negligible to the container
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States of Matter
Solid : non compressible, does not flow, and slow diffusion
Has a higher force of attraction than kinetic energy because molecules are packed so tightly towards each other
Liquid: fills the shape of contianer but does not expand, compressible, flows, and slow diffusion
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Gas: fills shape and volume of container, compressible, fast diffusion, flows
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Types of solids
Covalent Networks
High boiling points, hard, not soluable, non polar,covalent networks
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Unit 6
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In a heating curve the flat lines represent phase changes, the first flat line being heat of fusion and the second being heat of vaporization
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Thermal Equilibrium in transfer of energy is reached when the average kinetic energy or temperature becomes the same but COLLISIONS DONT STOP
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Unit 9
Galvanic cells are cells that are thermodynamically favored because they have a positive cell energy (voltage). They do not require an extra power source but happen naturally. Electrons run through the wire from the anode to the cathode. Cations are produced in the anode half reaction and move towards the cathode.
Electrolytic cells are cells that are not thermodynamically favored and require a power source to go through reaction. They have a negative potential energy(voltage)
Anodes are oxidized and cathodes are reduced. So the mass of cathodes are greater than the mass of anodes.
Anions move towards anodes because they want to balance out the buildup the positive charge of the anode half cell.
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Equilibrium
Usually when the free energy is less than zero, thermodynamically favorable, which means that products are favored, which means that k>1
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Unit 4
Chemical Reactions
Acid-Base
Acids donate hydrogen protons , and have a conjugate base that is a weak base
Bases accept a hydrogen proton, and have a conjugate acid that is a weak acid
Redox Reactions
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Reduction half reaction occurs when there is a gaining in electron ( oxidation number becomes more negative) SO like: O ------------ O^2-
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Titrations
Procedure: Rinse buret with distilled water multiple times, then rinse with standard solution, then fill buret with standard solution
When doing titrations adding the same amount of titrant to the same amount of base but different water will not change the amount of titrant that needs to be added to reach equivalency/endpoint
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