Instrumental power- used by groups or individuals to maintian and enforce authority

Synthetic personalisation- addressing a mass audience as though they were individuals through inclusive language use

Convergence- speaker moves towards another speakers accent, dialect or sociolect.

Divergence- speaker actively distances self from another speaker by accentuating their own accent or dialect

Covert Prestige- high social status through the use of non-standard forms.

Quantity- do not say what you believe to be false/lack inadequate evidence

Epistemic- strongly clarifies any element of possibility, probability or uncertainty

Interactional language- primary purpose of communicating to maintain social relations

Oppressive discourse strategy- linguistic behaviour open in its exercise of power and control

Repressive discourse strategy- subtle linguistic strategies to excerpt power

Negative face- self-interest( avoid something we don't want to do)

Face- threatening act- infringes on/ undermines listeners' need to maintain face.

positive politeness- informal showing interest and agreement; may include jokes and tag questions

Negative politeness- indirect; hedges and negative constructions

Perlocutionary act- producing effect of meaning intentional utternace

Unequal encounter- A marked difference in power status of the individual involved

Stuart Hall- Media texts encoded with values and messages by text producers. Received in different ways. Dominant/ preferred reading. Agree with the ideology. Negotiated reading, neither agree nor disagree. Oppositional reading, don't agree with message (consider representation of power in language and how different audiences read the same representation

'the sum of the ways in which people think, say and interact with the society' (folwler)

'Significations generated within power relation as a dimension of the exercise of power and struggle over power' (Fairclough)

A pair of opposite, through to powerful form and organise human thought and culture, Formed by ideologies

Domination maintained through ideology/ cultural means. Usually achieved through social institutions. Allow those in power to strongly influence the values, norms, ideas, expectations, worldview and behaviour of the rest of society

Recognised that binary pairs were never equal and that one half or each binary pair is somehow culturally marched as being held in a more valued or positive light in society while its unmarked opposite is view less positively or negatively

Dominance- Language embodies structures sustaining patriarchy and power

Deficit, Lakoff features did occur in women's speech but also in Mens with lower-class backgrounds. Due to power relations

Deborah Cameron- Difference approach- differential power not different language use

presents gender as just one aspects of identity amongst many, and reminds us that there can be as many differences between two women as between a man and a woman. Any differences are insignificant, exaggerated in the media, those in positions of power talk more than those without power.