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YEAR 11 LATIN GRAMMAR SO FAR... - Coggle Diagram
YEAR 11 LATIN GRAMMAR SO FAR...
NOUNS
Cases
Nominative
Subject of a verb, e.g.
Quintus laborat.
Accusative
Direct object of a verb, e.g.
Quintus Scintillam salutat.
Governed by prepositions that take the accusative e.g.
ad, in
expressing motion towards, e.g.
Quintus ad casam ambulat.
Duration of time e.g.
tres dies
'for three days'
Vocative
Direct address e.g.
salve, Quinte!
Genitive
Possession e.g.
domus Quinti
'the house of Quintus'
Partitive e.g.
pars turbae
'part of the crowd'
Dative
Indirect object of a verb, e.g.
Quintus Scintillae togam dedit.
Governed by certain verbs e.g. 'occurro'
Ablative
Separation from e.g.
ab Romā
'from Rome'
Place where e.g.
Romā
'in Rome'
Time when e.g.
prima hora
'at the first hour'
Time within which e.g.
decem diebus
'within ten days'
Instrument e.g.
gladiō
'with a sword'
Manner e.g.
magnā vocē
'in a loud voice'
Quality e.g.
puer summā industriā
'a boy of the greatest industry'
Governed by certain adjectives that take the ablative e.g.
plenus lacrimis
'full of tears'
Governed by prepositions that take the ablative e.g.
in, e/ex, a/ab
Locative
Indicate location e.g.
Romae
'at Rome'
Declensions
1st Declension
Feminine
Singular
: -a, -a, -am, -ae, -ae, -ā;
Plural
: -ae, -ae, -as, -arum, -is, -is
Masculine
same endings
- e.g.
nauta
,
athleta
2nd Declension
Masculine
Singular:
-us/er, -e/er/i, -um, -i, -o, -ō;
Plural:
-ī, -ī, -ī, -os, -orum, -is, -is
Neuter
Singular:
-um, -um, -um, -i, -o, -ō;
Plural:
-a, -a, -a, -orum, -is, -is
3rd Declension
Masculine/Feminine
Singular:
-, -, -em, -is, -i, -e/i;
Plural:
-es, -es, -es, -i/ium, -ibus, -ibus
Neuter
Singular:
-, -, -, -is, -i, -e/i;
Plural:
-a/ia, -a/ia, -a/ia, -i/ium, -ibus, ibus
4th Declension
Masculine (rarely Feminine)
Singular:
-us, -us, -um, -us, -ui, -u;
Plural:
-us, -us, -us, -uum, -ibus, -ibus
Neuter (rare)
Singular:
-u, -u, -u, -us, -ui, -u;
Plural:
-ua, -ua, -ua, -uum, -ibus, -ibus
only
genu, genus
'knee',
cornu, cornus
'horn',
pecu, pecus
'flock, herd',
veru, verus
'spit, tip of javelin',
specu, specus
'cave' (also masc. and fem.),
gelu, gelus
'frost'
5th Declension
Feminine
Singular:
-es, -es, -em, -ei, -ei, -ē;
Plural:
-es, -es, -es, -erum, -ebus, -ebus
Masculine
only
dies, diei
'day' (same ending as feminine)
VERBS
Conjugations
1st Conjugation (stem -a) e.g.
porto, portare
2nd Conjugation (stem -e) e.g.
sedeo, sedere
3rd Conjugation (stem ends with consonant) e.g.
duco, ducere
4th Conjugation (stem -i) e.g.
audio, audire
Mixed Conjugation (mix of 3rd/4th conjugation) e.g.
facio, facere
Tenses
Present e.g.
voco
'I call/ I am calling',
vocor
'I am being called'
Imperfect (past continuous) e.g.
vocabam
'I was calling/ I used to call/ I kept calling',
vocabar
'I was being called/ I used to be called/ I kept being called'
Perfect (past complete) e.g.
vocavi
'I called/ I did call',
vocatus sum
'I was called'
Pluperfect e.g.
vocaveram
'I had called',
vocatus eram
'I had been called'
Future e.g.
vocabo
'I will call',
vocabor
'I will be called',
ducam
'I will lead',
ducar
I will be led'
Future Perfect e.g.
vocavero
'I will have called',
vocatus ero
I will have been called
Moods
Indicative - to indicate a statement or fact e.g.
portat
'he/she carries'
Imperative - to indicate a direct command e.g.
porta
carry!
Subjunctive
Pluperfect (active) - perfect stem + 'isse' + personal endings
Pluperfect (passive) - supine + 'esse' + personal endings
Perfect (active) - perfect stem + 'erim, eris, erit...'
Perfect (passive) - supine + (sim, sis, sit, simus, sitis, sint)
Imperfect (active) - infinitive + personal endings
Imperfect (passive) - infinitive + passive personal endings (-r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -mini, -ntur)
Present (active) - present stem (vowel change WE EAT BLACK CAVIAR) + personal endings
Present (passive) - present stem (vowel change) + passive personal endings)
Participles
(verbal adjectives)
Present Active Participle e.g.
portans
'carrying' (declines like 3rd declension adjectives)
Perfect Passive Participle e.g.
portatus
'having been carried' (declines like 1st/2nd declension adjectives)
Irregular Verbs
possum, posse, potui
- 'to be able'
sum, esse, fui
- 'to be'
volo, velle, volui
- 'to be willing, want'
nolo, nolle, nolui
- 'to be unwilling, refuse, not want'
eo, ire, i(v)i
- 'to go'
adeo, adire, adii
- 'to go to'
exeo, exire, exii
- 'to go out, leave'
fero, ferre, tuli, latus
- 'to carry, bear, bring'
Infinitive - to express an action or state without reference to a subject e.g.
portare
'to carry'
ADJECTIVES
1st/2nd Declension
e.g.
bonus, bona, bonum
'good'
3rd Declension
e.g.
ingens, ingens, ingente
'huge'
Degrees
Positive/Regular e.g.
laetus
'happy',
ingente
'huge'
Irregular Adjectives:
bonus, -a, -um
'good',
malus, -a, -um
'bad',
celer
'fast',
miser
'sad'
Comparative e.g.
laetior, laetioris
(masculine/feminine) 'happier', 'more happy',
ingentius
(neuter) 'larger', 'more large' (followed by
quam
to indicate what it is compared with)
Irregular comparatives:
melior
'better',
peior
'worse',
celerior
'faster',
miserior
'more sad'
Superlative e.g.
laetissimus, -a, -um
'happiest', 'most happy'
Irregular Superlatives:
optimus, -a, -um
'best',
pessimus, -a, -um
'worst', celerrimus, -a, -um
'fastest',
miserrimus, -a, -um* 'saddest', 'most sad'
Personal adjectives
meus, -a, -um
- 'mine'
tuus, -a, -um
- 'your'
Reflexive Personal Adjectives
suus, -a, -um
- 'his/her/their own'
PRONOUNS
Relative
qui, quae, quod
- 'who/which'
Demonstrative
hic, haec, hoc
- 'this'
ille, illa, illud
- 'that'
ipse, ipsa, ipsud
- 'himself/herself/itself'
is, ea, id
- 'he/she/it'
Personal
ego, me, mei, mihi, mē
- 'I, me'
tu, te, tui, tibi, tē
- 'you (s.)'
nos, nos, nostrum, nobis, nobis
- 'we, us'
vos, vos, vestrum, vobis, vobis
- you (pl.)
Reflexive
se, sui, sibi, sē
- 'himself/herself/themself/itself' (no nominative)
Irregular
alter, atera, aterum
- 'the one, the other'
uter, utra, utrum
- 'one, the other'
uterque, utraque, utrumque
- 'which (of two)', 'both'
ADVERBS
Positive/Regular
e.g.
laetē
- 'happily'
Comparative
e.g.
laetius
'more happily'
Superlative
e.g.
laetissimē
'very happily', 'most happily'
SENTENCES
Main Clauses
Statement
Question
Direct speech
Subordinate Clauses
Relative Clause e.g.
Marcus,
qui in horto sedet
, Quintum videt.
'Marcus,
who is sitting in the garden
sees Quintus.'
Purpose clause - expresses purpose of an action e.g. She went to school to study
Main clause +
ut
+ verb in the subjunctive
Temporal clause - expresses time, circumstance
Main clause +
cum
+ verb in the subjunctive
Indirect command - indicates a command
Main clause (commanding verb, e.g.
imperavit
,
persuadeo
,
oro
) +
ut/ne
+ verb in the subjunctive
Indirect question - indicates a question
Main clause (questioning verb) + interrogative (why, what, when, how) + verb in the subjunctive
Expressions of time
e.g.
post decem dies
'after ten days'
e.g.
decem diebus
'within ten days'
Expressions of place
e.g.
in horto
'in the garden'
e.g.
ab Roma
'from Rome