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globalisation - Coggle Diagram
globalisation
THE ACCELERATION OF GLOBALISATION
12.1 - THE ACCELERATION OF GLOBALISATION
economic globalisation:
the growth of transnational corporations accelerates cross border exchanges; information and communication technology supports the growth of complex spatial divisions of labour; online purchasing has now been made available
social globalisation:
international immigrants have created extensive family networks; global improvements in education and health; social interconnectivity has grown due to the internet and mobile phones
cultural globalisation:
cultural traits come to dominate in some territories; glocalisation and hybridisation occur as old local cultures merge; people keep in touch using social media
political globalisation:
the growth of trading blocks allows TNCs to merge; global concerns such as free trade; international companies work together to harmonise national economies
global flows and global networks
tourists
boost economies from transport, accommodation, restaurants, attractions...
commodities
are valuable, raw materials such as fossil fuels, food and minerals traded between nations
these show the connections between places which represent different kinds of network flow
capital
flows are routed daily through the world's stock markets. businesses buy and sell money in different countries to make profits
information
through the internet has brought real-time communication between distant places, allowing goods and services to be bought at the click of a button
migrants
face the greatest number of obstacles due to border controls and immigration laws.
TNCs ( transnational corporations )
are businesses where operations are spread across the world, operating in many nations as makers and sellers of goods and services
intermodal containers
are large-capacity storage container units which can be transported long distances through the use of shipping and railways without the freight being taken out of the container
time-space compression
heightened connectivity changes out conception of itme, distance and potential barriers to the migration of people, goods, money and information
this effect causes places to begin to feel closer together then in the past
thanks to technology and
the shrinking world
distant places are starting to feel much closer and take less time to reach
ICT and mobile use
these important aspects of globalisation is the way that it can make us think of the world as a potentially borderless place
the development of this has allowed for citizens, businesses and states to better interact with one another
the first
telegraph cables
across the Atlantic in the 1860s replace a three week boat journey with instantaneous communication
with the advent of
broadband internet
in the 1980s, large amounts of data could be moved quickly through cyberspace
the first global positioning system
( GPS )
launched in the 1970s continuously broadcast time data throughout the world, allowing for deliveries to be tracked
easy jet
began as a small venture running flights solely within the UK, however now most of Europes major cities are interconnected via it's cheap flight network
in 1996, flights to Barcelona were introduced and then the company expanded with now over 1000 flight routes
by 2020 the company owned 337 airplanes, carrying 96 million people that year and bringing revenues of £6.4 billion
12.2 - THE POLITICS AND ECONOMICS OF GLOBALISATION
international organisations
THE IMF
loans from rich nations to countries that apply for help
recipients in return agree to run free market economies open to outside investment
TNCs can enter these countries more easily
rules and regulations can be controversial especially the strict financial conditions imposed on borrowing governments
THE WORLD BANK
lends money on a global scale
also gives direct grants to developing countries
it imposes strict conditions on its loans and grants
THE WTO
advocates trade liberalisation, especially for manufactured goods and askes countries to abandon protectionist attitudes
failed to stop the world's richest countries from subsidising their own food producers
harmful to farmers in developing countries who want to trade on a level playing field
national governments
free-market liberalisation
follows two simple beliefs; government intervention within markets creates economic development, and as overall wealth increases, the trickle-down effect will take place from the richest members to the poorest
privatisation
allows foreign investors to gain a stake in privatised national services and infrastructure
tariffs
are the taxes that are paid when importing or exporting goods and services between countries
trade blocs
are voluntary international organisations that exist for trading purposes, bringing greater economic strength and security
by removing barriers to intra-community trade, markets grow
smaller national firms within a trade bloc can merge to form TNCs, making operations more cost effective
also allows for exploitation of human resources
special economic zones
are industrial areas often near a coastline, where favorable conditions are created to attract foreign TNCs. these include low tax rates and exemption from tariffs and export duties
12.3 - UNEVEN GLOBALISATION
measuring globalisation
the
KOF
index produces an annual index of globalisation - ranked Switzerland and the Netherlands as the most globalised
uses things such as participation in peace-keeping and TV ownership to determine this index
the
Kearney Index
ranks New York, Paris, London, Tokyo and Hong Kong as the five 'alpha' cities
it analyses 'business activitty', 'cultural experience' and 'political engagement'
includes a count for TNC Headquarters, museums and foreign embassies
these combine many data sources that can be critiqued on the grounds of either reliability or validity
highly developed European countries are economically, culturally and socially globalised as well as being politically engaged at a global level
developing countries have low scores as their role in global trade is more limited, as are their social and political connections to the world
offshoring:
TNCs move parts of their own production processes ( factories or offices ) to other countries to reduce labour or other costs
outsourcing:
TNCs contract another company to produce the goods and services they need rather then do it themselves. this can result in the growth of complex supply chains
global production network:
a chain of connected suppliers of parts and materials that contribute to the manufacturing or assembly of goods. it serves the needs of a TNC such as Apple
glocalisation
refers to changing the design of products to meet local tastes or laws
peoples tastes - Cadbury makes its Chinese chocolate sweeter, as its preferred that way
religion or culture - Domino's pizza only offers vegetarian food in India's Hindu neighbourhoods
local interests - reality TV shows gain larger audiences if re-filmed in other countires using local people
switched-off places:
some of the poorest countries remain switched-off from global networks for physical, political, economic and environmental reasons, lacking strong flows of trade or investment
THE DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES OF GLOBALISATION
13.1 - WINNERS AND LOSERS OF THE GLOBAL SHIFT IN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
the term
'global shift'
describes the international relocation of different types of industrial activity, especially manufacturing
stems from a combination of off-shoring, outsourcing and new business start-ups in emerging economies
has severe costs such as dangerous working conditions, child labour and highly unequal pay for men and women
has created challenges for developed countries as due to economic restructuring and deindustrialisation
deindustrialisation:
the decline of regionally important manufacturing industries; can be charted in terms of workforce numbers or output and production measures
the development of SEZs have caused major economic, social and environmental changes such as...
poverty reduction and waged work
education and training
environment and resource pressure
infrastructure, the built environment and unplanned settlements
spiral of decline
high unemployment:
leads to disappearance of many companies
crime:
when areas are switched-off they may instead become switched-on to illegal global flows of drugs and people trafficking
depopulation:
migration out of countries leaving abandoned buildings and therefore a reduction in income
dereliction:
the combination of industry closures, falling house prices and rising crime resulted in widespread environmental dereliction
13.2 - INCREASING SCALE OF ECONOMIC MIGRATION
13.3 - THE EMERGENCE OF A GLOBAL CULTURE
GEOGRAPHICAL IMPACTS OF GLOBALISATION
the term "globalisation" is used to describe a variety of ways in which places and people are now more connected with one another