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Foreign Policy Mainly Influenced by Imperialism 1890-1929, Kennedy was…

- - - - start of American empire effectively
      - Platt Ammendment prevented US taking Cuba
      - Subjigation of Fillipinos 1899
        
        Filipinos revolted against American rule after swaping 1 colonialist power for another US lead a brutal campaign against them to restore control just like colonial powers would involving 70,000 troops and costing $170M killing thousands of fillipinos
  - - - Result of Americas successful involvment the Hay-Herran Treaty gave america right purchase the 10mile strip land surrounding the Panama Canal for $10M and would open in 1904
  - - - Also used to counter European Influence
    - - Nicaragu 1911 US supported governent with aid to protect US interests such as Nicuagara Canal by providing loans and encourgaged US banks to invest in the country to connect it to America
- - - - allied war loans = $10.35bn
- - - - Kennedy made preperations for invasion
      - Oct 22 ordered quarantine around cuba appealing to Krushchev to remove missles
      - 27th Oct u2 spy plane shot down over cuba and Kurshchev demanded removal of missiles in turkey
      - Oct 26 Kurshchev offered remove missles if Kennedy removed blockade and agreed to not invade cuba
      - Oct 28 announcement of removal of missles from cuba and kennedy promisedc not ot invade cuba but secretly agreed to remove misslies from turkey
- - - - Sucsess showed USSR Truman willing to support Germany at any cost with airlift costing $224M
  - - - USSR now had a powerful ally
      - resulted in rise of MaCartheryism which led to a witch hunt of communists in US
  - - - Truman had to act quick following the faliure in China and obtained a UN resolution condemming invasion and calling on member states to assist south. USSR unable use veto as were bycotting UN at time over its faliure to recognise the chinese government
      - Sept General MacArthur landed in a counterattack sending north into headlong retreat but in his overconfidence Truman authorised crossing of 38th Parellel
        
        Crossing resulted in chinese getting involved over worries of US troops on their border sending the overstretched US army back to 38th where a stalemate occured
        
        stalemate continued until after Stalins death in 53 when tensions relaxed and a armastice was signed thats still in place today
        
        MacArthur wanted bomb china but was refused and he went beyond his authority demanding chinas unconditional surrender
        
        TRuman sacked MacArthur asserting the Pres was Commander in Chief
- - - - U2 spy plane had been shot down over russia and american denials spying were exposed when russia prouced the pilot Gary Powers leading to deterioration in relations
  - - - There was a percived complatency of Eisenhower administration over lack of toughness on communism
- - - - The withdrawal of US troops to be replaced by south troops supported and trained by US
      - by 1972 only 40,000 US troops left in vietnam policy a relative sucsess
    - - Expanded the war into cambodia to disrupt offensive capacity of north vietnam
        
        this lead to the destabilistaion of the region and its fall to communism under the Khmer Rouge dictatorship
    - - fundamentaly flawed and led to the fall of Saigon following the resumtion fighting in 74-75 vietnam became communist
    - - 1972 SALT treaty agreed which placed limits on the number of intercontinental and ballistic missles was limited to 5yrs
      - Policy towards China
        
        Ping-Pong diplomacy 1972 improved relations resulting in increased trade and lifting of US embargos which brought divisions between USSR & China
        
        Nixion first president to visit communist china in 1972
        
        China was granted a seat on the Security Council of the UN improving relations between china and the west
- - - - five year programme intent on raching $1.6tril
      - saw 33% increase in size US navy
      - starategic defensive initiative launched to give america first strike capability and defend against retalitory strikes
  - - - appointment of Gorbechev 1985 was crucial in this
        
        Regan and Gorb met in GEneva summit 1985 and agreed massive reductions in nuclear weapons
        
        Regan visited Moscow for talks in 1988 and demonstarted how relations had been completely transformed
      - arguably Regans massive expansion US defence forced their hand but also arguably delayed it
      - Gorbs internal reforms made it easier to improve relations
        
        led to collapse of USSR
        
        1989 USSR withdrew from afghan
        
        june 1989 USSR collapsed into several states largest being russia
        
        resulted in collapse of communist govs in places like Czech and Romania
        
        1989 berlin wall effectively destroyed and opened
        
        Gorb now just leader of russia
- - - - ARguably the downfall of USSR due to increased protectons of journalists
- - - - resulted in Carter withdrawing from SALTII, boycott Olympics in MOScow 1980, ban of saile & high tech items to USSR
- - - - Intervened in Panama 1903
      - Expanded the navy with his Great White Fleet 1907
      - Roosevelt Collary 1904
        
        Increased American involvement in western hemesphere
  - - - General faliure
      - Nicauagura
      - just built on roosevelts increased involvement
  - - - Start of American EMpire
      - shift towards more imperialist policy
        
        Annexed Hawaii 1898
- - - - actively supported anti communist movements in el salvador and nicuaguara
      - 5 year plan investing $1.6tril in US defence budget
    - - met at geneva summit 85
      - visited moscow in 88 showing increased relations
      - oversaw collapse of USSR and end of cold war as gorbs reform poliicies detroyed USSR from within
  - - - Ping-pong diplomacy 72
      - SALT 72
      - 1st pres visit communist china 72
      - Policy of vietnamization
- - - - start of isolationist theme in American policy
    - - increasing call for america to focus dometically and prevent future entaglements
      - "an expensive distraction"
    - - increased focus on domestic trade further isolationism
  - - - public sentiment still very isolationist though
        
        Neutrality Acts 30s
        
        Neutrality Aact 1935 - arms embargo and advised against travelling to warring nations
        
        Neutrality Act 1937 increased arms embargo to other war materials and banned travelling on warring nations ships but allowed aquire anything but arms on a cash and carry basis favouring britain
        
        Neutrality Act 1939 lifted arms embargo and extended cash and carry provision
        
        Promised keep america out of war in his 1940 elkection
      - Signed Executive order in 1940 transfering military surplus to britain lending them ships and establishment of US bases in some british colonies
      - Lend LEase 1941
      - Atlantic Charter 1941
        
        based on self determination and free trade
      - Decleration War December 41
  - - - Washington Naval Treaty 1922
      - Dawes Plan 1924
      - Kellogg-briand pact 1928
      - Young Plan 1929
      - immigration quota act 1924
        
        that undertone isolationism
        
        sense of nationlism and isolationism still
- - - - Commitment to containment in vietnam sending aid and military advisors
      - Cuban Missle crisis and opened negotiation and compromise
      - Limited test ban treaty 63 first ever nuclear arms agreement
  - - - Truman doctrine and policy containment 47
    - - Massive commitment to involvemnet in global affairs and containment of communism with boots on the ground highlighting chnage in american attitude compared to build up of WWII
  - - - put boots on the ground following gulf tonkin incident 65