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Grant - Coggle Diagram
Grant
Background
Godden & Baddeley decided to study context dependent memory within divers. The divers were split into 4 groups:
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Smith suggested that there was an Outshining hypothesis. He theorised that context-dependent memory only worked for recall and not for recognition tasks. This is because the familiar environmental cues will be ‘outshone’ by cues from the questions
Links to debates
Useful
Grant’s research is useful to students by helping them identify conditions in which they should revise (e.g in silence) to help them perform best in assessments.
Situational
Grant’s research can be argued to be situational as the environmental cues (noise) made a difference in the recall and recognition of participants.
Reductionist
Grant’s research is reductionist as focuses on context dependent memory in terms of noise conditions.
Sample
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Participants aged 17-56 with 17 females and 23 males. They were split into 4 conditions and tested individually. 1 person was removed due to low scores, leaving 39 total participants.
Procedure
Step 1- Learning
Participants were asked to read a 2-page article on psychoimmunology. They read the article whilst wearing headphones which either had no noise being played or a cassette tape was played with recordings of noise from the cafeteria during lunch.
They were timed and asked to read the article only once. They then had a 2 minute break.
Step 2- Testing
Participants were then given two sets of questions about the article they’d read. Again, they did this under silent or noisy conditions.
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Evaluation
Opportunity sampling
Participants were obtained through the 8 student researchers (who didn’t participate themselves). They were used as who the researchers had available to them at the time.
Independent measures
Each participant had 1 of the 4 conditions (e.g noisy reading then silent test).
The participants were not matched on any characteristics.
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Aims
To investigate context-dependent memory for recall and recognition in relation to memorising meaningful prose.
Conclusion
Participants performed better in the ‘matching conditions’ which provides support for context dependent memory (at least in terms of sound).