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69 Society & Culture. Stereotypes & Emblems. Song, Emblems, 1.4…

- - - - Terms
        
        Society = various but eg Cambridge: large group of ppl who live in same country/area & have the same laws, traditions etc.
        Culture: the way of life & general customs & beliefs, of particular group of people at particular time
- - - - 2000 yrs ago - Celts. Romans AD 43 →"Britannia"
        
        When R Empire collapsed 410, Anglo Saxons from Germany, Denmark & Neths came in 5C - brought LANG
        
        Viking raids common after end 8thC
        
        1066 Normans. Brought Fr, but made little inroads & by 14thC English was re-established.
        
        Waves of invasions pushed Celts (native inhabitants) to Western seaboard → Cornwall, Wales, Scotland.... Retained some lang (though Eng spoken by all)
  - - - Class based
        
        Still matters a lot in determining opps! Eg: 7% private school BUT 45% journalists, 65% judges, 65% of current cabinet.... 20/57 PMs - ETON!
        
        RICHEST 5 FAMILIES own more wealth than poorest 20% of pop!!
        
        'Wealth effect' felt over 10 generations
        
        Orwell: *Britain is the most class-ridden society under the sun*
        
        Whilst social mobility steadily ↑ over previous centuries, recent IFS (Inst. Fiscal Studies) shows its now at lowest level for 50 yrs
        
        Social mobility set to ↓ further as explosion in house prices (200% ↑ since 2000) means inheritance ↑ important
        
        Historically defined by occupation, wealth & edu & split into W/C (W/C & lower), M/C (lower & upper) & elite (businessman, vestiges of aristocracy etc)
        
        BUT a decade ago huge study The Great British Class Survey found this to be outdated. Found 7 classes defined by 3 dimensions: eco, social & cultural
        
        1. Precariat, 2. Emergent service workers (young, urban - relatively poor but high social & cultural capital) 3. Traditional W/C - oldest average age so many homeowners, 4. New affluent workers (young - socially & culturally active), 5. Technical M/C (well off but socially isolated & culturally apathetic, 6. Established M/C, 7. Elite
    - - Multiculturalism = 1 of most significant social transformations across Britain over last 100 yrs
        
        1948 Nationality Act
        
        Nowadays: 18% identify as Black, Asian, mixed or other ethnic group (higher in cities)
        
        RACISM still rife in Britain. Eg HEAD of Police in Britain admitted THIS yr that the force is institutionally racist
      - Suella Braverman: multiculturalism has failed But still have UKs 1st non-white PM etc...
  - - - Meal ≈ 50, heating/elect ≈ 160.
        
        ↑ no's using food banks - 15% of ALL households (4m children) this yr - food insecurity, 3m - going a day without food
        
        20% of pop in poverty (60% below median income level)
        
        WELFARE STATE created 1948 (Clement Atlee, Aneurin Bevan...)
        
        Designed as safety net from cradle to grave. Implemented: national insurance system,, NHS, benefits ...
        
        BUT slowly eroded by CUTS, ageing pop, privatisation ... (eg Thatcher's right to buy & Cameron's Big Society offloaded work of state onto charities/individuals...
- - - - Pop: 5.1 (8 before famine)
        
        Celtic Tiger. ↓ tax → ↑ multinationals eg Google, FB, Airbnb, Microsoft etc all have European HO
        
        Still overwhelmingly Cath (69%) BUT church less powerful in wake of child abuse scandals & 'Laundries'
        
        ↑ liberal. 2015 - same sex marriage, 2018 - abortion
        
        MANY famous writers for its size eg....
- - - - 3.1 Regionalism
        
        US is SO big! Huge variety of terrains & habitats & ofc CULTURE. Pop: concentrated in northeast (urban, industrial, culturally sophisticated), South (religious, conservative, higher illiteracy), Pacific coast (industrial), & metropolitan areas in Midwest (agric, farming). Despite homogenising influence of mass media these differences are still pronounced
  - - - Society also highly individualistic. American Dream - if you work hard, you'll do well. Translates into state - little safety net
        
        Land was populated by immigrants. Idea of a ppl struggling to attain the freedoms the founding fathers promised = central part of Am identity
        
        Class system less pronounced but parent's money still hugely imp.
        
        Christianity v imp. Biggest group = Prots. (Approx 2/3rds)
        
        Hobbies: similar to others but different sports: basketball, baseball, Am football. MALLS
        
        Multiculturalism: White ≈ 60%, Hispanic 19%, Black 12.5%, Asian 6%
- - - - Obviously huge generalisations but perhaps have a base of truth? For some maybe. But there should be many stereotypes in any given country. Eg the Brit one perhaps describes someone 50 years ago. But the diverse society of today won't identify with that? Also: north/south divide in UK
        
        Can be useful in that they provide info about expected etiquette. Eg: Brits like rules - queuing is imp! Reserved - respect personal space - no two kisses! etc
        
        These are ppl stereotypes but also possible to have place stereotypes - eg in Brit always rains (actually rains 6x more in Sant. than London! & we only eat fish&chips etc
        
        In their nature stereotypes won't be true for MANY - so as teachers need to debunk them
- - - - V influential genres/bands:
        
        late 50s/60s Rock & Roll! Elvis, Chuck Berry. Soul in US too at same time - Otis Redding, Aretha Franklin, Marvin Gaye. Hippie culture in Eng: produced Beatles, Rolling Stones, Led Zeppelin, The Who. Caused The British Invasion in US. 70s ↓ in living standards → punk eg Sex Pistols.. US 1980s: RnB Michael Jackson, Whitney Houston, Tina Turner, Prince. 1990s: Britpop eg Spice girls, Blur, Oasis. US hip hop - Eminem 21st C - Amy Winehouse, Adele. Nowadays- Tailor Swift!