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Chapter 1, Conceptualization of sex as consisting of 2 opposite and…

- - - - overarching social systems that conceptualize sex (M, F) and gender (masculine, feminine) as consisting of 2 opposite, nonoverlapping categories
      - Sex binaries
      - Gender binaries
        
        Conceptualization of sex as consisting of 2 opposite and nonoverlapping categories, such as masculine or feminine
    - - A condition in which the biological components of sex (chromosomes, hormones, and internal and external sex organs) do not consistently fit the typical female or typical male pattern
    - - Possession of high levels of both stereotypically male-typed (assertive, independent) and female-typed traits (warm and gentle)
    - - Describes people who fall outside the sex and gender binaries and identify as neither man nor woman, an umbrella term capturing many forms of identity
  - - - estimate: 1.7% of human infants are born intersex
  - - - a Male (XY) with undescended testicles and external genitalia that look female
      - <=> People are born with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS)
  - - - how people think within a given culture respond when an intersex baby is born
      - Intersex baby was born => Parents + Doctors: anomalies => use surgery to make then fit into sex binary = social construction of biological sex
      - PEOPLE SOCIALLY AGREE THAT THERE ARE ONLY 2 NATURAL SEXES, WHEN NATURE CLEARLY OFFERS MORE THAN 2
  - - - 2 spirit people: Native American and Indigenous North Americans: live outside the sex/gender binary and adopt elements of both the F and M gender roles
      - India: hijras= separate caste of people who live as neither men nor women and are considered scared within Hinduism
      - Western Balkans: sworn virgins = biologically female but live as men and can never marry
      - CULTURES ATTACH MEANING TO NONBINARY INDIVIDUALS WHO ARE NEITHER M OR F
- - - - refers to sex chromosomes and sexual anatomy, both of which are biological factors
      - sex roles and sex differences in personality - reflect sociocultural influences
      - often interpreted in a biological sense
      - a term typically used to categorize people as male, female or intersex
    - - Gender
        
        refer to nonbiological, culturally constructed aspects of being female or male
      - Sex
        
        discussing the biological aspects
    - - sex to refer to categories of people based on whether they are male, female, or outside the binary (more on this in a moment)
        
        <=> Sex differences = average differences between women and men
        
        <=> Gender to refer to the meanings that people give to the different sex categories
    - - Includes broad sets of attributes and experiences ( identities, traits, interests, roles, tendencies, attitudes, stereotypes, socialization practices) commonly associated with sex
      - Gender roles = social roles that are typically associated with people based on sex
      - Aspects of gender often differ by age, race, and ethnicity, sexual orientation, culture, social class, historical era
      - The meanings that people give to the different sex categories
  - - - More physically aggressive ==> complex combination of biological and social factors
      - Higher levels of testosterone (hormone)
      - more socialized to perform physically active, risky behavior and to deal with negative emotion by directing it outward
      - (UPPER) CONTRIBUTE TO SEX DIFFERENCES IN AGGRESSION, MAKES IT VERY DIFFICULT TO DISENTANGLE THE ROOT CAUSE OF ANY OBSERVED SEX DIFFERENCE
- - - - Possession of physical and psychological attributes typically associated with men
    - - Possesssion of physical and psychological attributes typically associated with women
    - - Gender-inclusive term refer to mixed-sex (F&M), genderqueer, non binary individuals or groups of Latin American descent
      - not without controversy, OLD MEMBERS feel it is "disrespectful to their traditional Latin culture
      - YOUNGER GENS (genderqueer Millenials) ambrace the term because it allows them to acknowledge their ethicity and gender identity simultaneously