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Intro to OHS, Absolute necessity in critiquing safety culture, where…

- - - - Physical capabilities
        
        Integumentary
        
        Variability in Individuals
        
        Age
        
        Sex
        
        Race
        
        Body composition
        
        Impairment/Disability physically/socially/intellectually/emotionally
        
        Cardiovascular/Circulatory
        
        Respiratory
        
        Digestive/Gastrointestinal
        
        Urinary
        
        Nervous
        
        Immune
        
        Reproductive
        
        Musculoskeletal
    - - Behavioral psychology
        
        Foundation of behavior-based safety which focus upon the worker's overall safety within the work environment, in exclusion of incentive schemes
      - Cognitive psychology
        
        The cognitive capacities of workers, and errors that can occur in decision making
    - - Primary - Prevention of injury or disease
      - Secondary - Action taken after injury or disease
      - Tertiary - Interventions directed at people displaying symptoms of disease
- - - - Biological
        
        Bacteria/Virus/Micro-organisms
      - Chemical
        
        Toxins/Fires and Explosions
      - Physical
        
        Noise/Heights/Vibrations/Electricity/Radiation
      - Ergonomic
        
        Manual Handling/Workplace Design/Repetitive Movement
      - Psychosocial
        
        Stress/Violence
    - - Potential
        
        Gravity
      - Kinetic
        
        Stored
      - Electrical
        
        Volts
      - Thermal
        
        Liquids/Gases
      - Mechanical
        
        Plant/Equipment
    - - Human Error
        
        Lack of Training/Uninformed/Understanding
        
        Misuse/Unsafe Acts
      - Technical
        
        Maintenance Issues/Outdated
        
        Malfunction
    - - PPE
        
        Examples
        
        Respirators: Providing respirators to protect against inhalation of hazardous substances or airborne contaminants.
        
        Safety Glasses/Goggles: Issuing safety glasses or goggles to protect against eye injuries from flying particles, chemicals, or intense light.
        
        Hearing Protection: Supplying earplugs or earmuffs to reduce exposure to high levels of noise.
        
        Protective Clothing: Furnishing protective clothing, such as coveralls, gloves, or aprons, to shield workers from chemical splashes, heat, or sharp objects.
      - Administrative Controls
        
        Examples
        
        Work Procedures: Developing detailed procedures for hazardous tasks, including step-by-step instructions and safety protocols.
        
        Training and Education: Providing comprehensive training on safety procedures, hazard recognition, emergency response, and equipment operation.
        
        Shift Scheduling: Managing shift schedules to prevent fatigue-related accidents, ensuring adequate rest periods between shifts.
        
        Job Rotation: Rotating workers through different tasks to minimize prolonged exposure to specific hazards.
      - Engineering Controls
        
        Examples
        
        Machine Guarding: Installing physical barriers or guards on machinery to prevent access to moving parts or dangerous areas.
        
        Ventilation Systems: Implementing proper ventilation systems to control exposure to airborne contaminants, such as dust, fumes, or gases.
        
        Noise Control: Installing soundproofing materials or enclosures to reduce noise levels in workplaces with high noise exposure.
        
        Ergonomic Design: Designing workstations, tools, and equipment ergonomically to reduce the risk of musculoskeletal injuries.
      - Substitution
      - Elimination
      - Procedural
        
        Examples
        
        Lockout/Tagout Procedures: Establishing procedures to isolate energy sources and control hazardous energy during maintenance or repair of machinery.
        
        Emergency Response Plans: Developing and practicing emergency response plans for various scenarios, including fires, chemical spills, or medical emergencies.
        
        Incident Reporting and Investigation: Implementing protocols for reporting incidents, near misses, and accidents, followed by thorough investigations to identify root causes and prevent recurrence.
      - Behavioral
        
        Examples
        
        Safety Culture Promotion: Fostering a culture of safety through leadership commitment, employee involvement, recognition programs, and regular safety meetings.
        
        Safety Observations: Encouraging employees to conduct safety observations or inspections to identify hazards and promote safe behaviors.
        
        Peer-to-Peer Accountability: Establishing peer-to-peer accountability systems where workers hold each other accountable for following safety procedures and correcting unsafe behaviors.
  - - - Qualitative
      - Hybrid
      - Quantitative
    - - Causes and consequences encompass unique circumstances regarding events, areas, sources, and allocation of resources. This may also concern management issues such as staff availability and equipment maintenance through factors like communication/consultation, scope, objectives, criteria, subject, environment, standards, etc.
    - - Comprehensive understanding of risks and effectiveness of control
      - Perceive the probability and likelihood of occurrence and reoccurrence by cross-checking statistical data and workplace history
    - - Individual
      - Occupational
      - Organisational
      - Societal
  - - - Financial Burden: Injured or ill workers may face financial hardships due to medical expenses, lost wages, reduced earning capacity, and disability-related costs. These financial burdens can exacerbate stress and strain on individuals and their families, leading to economic insecurity and social isolation.
      - Psychological Effects: Workplace injuries and illnesses can also have psychological consequences, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression, and decreased self-esteem. These mental health impacts can result from the trauma of the injury itself, as well as the fear of future incidents and the challenges of coping with disability or chronic illness.
      - .
        
        Physical Health Effects: Occupational injuries and diseases can cause physical harm to workers, ranging from minor injuries to severe disabilities and fatalities. These health effects can lead to pain, suffering, and long-term impairment, affecting an individual's quality of life.
    - - Decreased Productivity: Workplace injuries and illnesses can disrupt operations, reduce productivity, and increase absenteeism, as injured or sick workers are unable to perform their duties or require time off for recovery. This can result in lost revenue, missed deadlines, and decreased efficiency for organizations.
      - Increased Costs: Employers incur significant costs associated with occupational injuries and diseases, including medical expenses, workers' compensation claims, insurance premiums, legal fees, and expenses related to hiring and training replacement workers. These costs can strain organizational budgets and hinder profitability.
      - Reputation Damage: Organizations with poor safety records or a reputation for neglecting worker health and safety may suffer damage to their brand image and reputation. This can lead to loss of customers, negative publicity, legal liabilities, and challenges in attracting and retaining talent.
      - Economic Consequences: Workplace injuries and illnesses have broader economic implications for society, including reduced workforce participation, lost tax revenue, increased social welfare spending, and decreased economic productivity. These economic costs can affect national GDP, competitiveness, and overall economic growth.
      - Social Justice Issues: Occupational injuries and diseases disproportionately affect vulnerable populations, such as low-income workers, minorities, immigrants, and temporary workers. Addressing these disparities requires attention to social justice issues, including access to healthcare, fair wages, job security, and worker rights.
    - - Public Health Burden: Occupational injuries and diseases contribute to the overall burden of disease in society, imposing costs on healthcare systems and public resources. They also place additional strain on emergency services, hospitals, and rehabilitation facilities, diverting resources away from other healthcare priorities.
  - - - Examples:
        
        Infrastructure
        
        Medicine
        
        Nuclear engineering
        
        Recreation
        
        Transport
    - - Safety Management System (SMS) - Tool for the management of safety by an organization, reflecting an organized and orderly approach
      - Procedures/Plans
        
        Examples
        
        Overarching documents
        
        General information
        
        May be from site owner/principal contractor
      - Work Method Statements - such as a work permit
      - Job Safety Analysis - A task/job specific risk assessment.
        Each basic step of the job/task is to identify potential hazards and to recommend the safest way to do the job.
      - Personal Risk Assessment - such as taking a break and committing to regulatory self-review
- - - - Attribution Theory
        
        A perceived success or failure leading to elements such as
        Locus - Stability - Controllability comprising of ability, effort, luck, and task difficulty e.g. students apply positive or negative feelings towards their academic success, therefore creating an improvement or impairment within their learning
      - Collective Group
        
        Social Identity
        
        Segregation/Ostracization
        
        Prejudice/Stereotypes/Discrimination
        
        Peer Pressure
        
        Group Psychology
        
        Over-estimation
        
        Delusion of imperviousness and disregarding morality and ethics
        
        Close-mindedness
        
        refuting outdated notions and negative stereotypes about other people, particularly group leaders
  - - - Formal (Overt) Aspects
        
        Goals
        
        Terminology
        
        Structure
        
        Policies and Procedures
        
        Services and Products
        
        Financial Resoure=ces
      - Informal (Covert) Aspects
        
        Beliefs, Assumptions, Perceptions and Attitudes
        
        Values
        
        Informal interactions
        
        Group norms
    - - Bradley Curve
        
        Reactive:
        Safety by natural instinct
        Compliance is the goal
        Delegated to safety manager
        Lack of management involvement
        
        Individuals shirk their duties. They think that "incidents will happen" and that safety is more of a question of luck than management. They do in due course!
        
        Dependent:
        Management commitment
        Condition of employment
        Fear/Discipline
        Roles/Procedures
        Supervisor control, emphasis on goals
        Values all people
        Training
        
        To be safe, people believe that one must abide by the norms that others have established. Injury rates are declining, and management thinks that "if people would follow the rules," safety could be controlled.
        
        Independent:
        Personal Knowledge, Commitment, & Standards Internalization
        Personal Value
        Care for self
        Practice, Habits
        Individual Recognition
        
        Everybody accepts personal accountability. Individuals think they are responsible for their own safety and that their activities have an impact. Injuries are subsequently decreased as a result.
        
        Interdependent:
        Help others conform
        Other's Keeper
        Networking Contributor
        Care for Others
        Organizational Pride
        
        Employee teams assume responsibility for one another's safety as well as their own. Low standards and taking risks are not accepted by the public. They engage in active communication to learn about other people's perspectives. They think that communal efforts are the only way to truly improve things.
      - Safety
        
        Safety II
        
        Proactive Prevention - Perceives humans as a resource necessity, where accident investigation and risk assessment attempt to revise correct action and interaction to discourage and minimize failure
        
        Safety I
        
        Reactive Prevention - Perceives humans as reason for failure, where accident investigation and risk assessment attempt to identify causes and associated factors
    - - Acceptance Culture
      - Reactive Culture
      - Compliance Culture
      - Proactive Culture
      - Mature Culture
- - - - Safety Management
        
        1900: Efficiency of production (F.W. Taylor)
        
        1916: Management functions (H.Fayol)
      - Human relations management
        
        1930: Hawthorne studies (E. Mayo)
        
        1938: Social system (Ch, Barnard)
        
        1954: Needs hierarchy (A. Maslow)
      - Complexity management
        
        1960: Theory X and Y (D. McGregor)
        
        1979: Organizational structure (H. Mintzberg)
        
        1990: Learning organisation (P. Senge)
      - Responsible management
        
        2000: Disruptive change (C. Christensen)
        
        2010: Sustainable development (T. Kuhlman, J. Farrington)
      - Behavioural Management Theory – (c. 1920’s – 1980’s)
        
        When it became necessary to take employee motivation and behavior into consideration, behavioral management theory was created.
        The change in leadership style was centered on the human desire of workers for job satisfaction and favorable working conditions, replacing the production-oriented leadership style of traditional leadership philosophy.
      - Management Science Theory – (c. 1940’s – 2000’s)
        
        Modernized scientific management is an approach to management that makes the best use of organizational resources via the application of rigorous quantitative methodologies (data analysis, statistics).
  - - - Factories Acts in Britain (1802, 1833, 1844) introduced basic safety standards and restrictions on child labor.
      - The formation of labor unions and worker advocacy groups pushed for improved workplace safety and health.
    - - National safety councils were established in various countries to promote workplace safety education and awareness.
      - The International Labour Organization (ILO) was founded in 1919, focusing on labor rights and occupational safety.
    - - Occupational medicine emerged as a distinct field, focusing on the prevention and treatment of work-related illnesses and injuries.
      - The introduction of medical surveillance and health assessments for workers became common practice.
    - - Major occupational safety laws were enacted in many countries, such as the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) in the United States (1970).
      - These laws established government agencies responsible for enforcing safety regulations and conducting inspections.
    - - The World Health Organization (WHO) and other international bodies developed guidelines and conventions on occupational health and safety.
      - Cross-border collaborations and knowledge-sharing initiatives accelerated advancements in workplace safety practices.
    - - Innovations in safety equipment, machinery, and processes improved workplace safety and reduced accident rates.
      - The emergence of digital technologies facilitated the monitoring of workplace hazards and the implementation of preventive measures.
    - - Attention shifted towards ergonomic design and addressing psychosocial factors in the workplace to prevent musculoskeletal disorders and mental health issues.
      - Workplaces began implementing wellness programs and stress management initiatives to promote employee well-being.
    - - Globalization brought new challenges, such as outsourcing, supply chain management, and ensuring safety standards across borders.
      - Emerging risks, such as cybersecurity threats and emerging infectious diseases, necessitate ongoing adaptation and innovation in occupational health and safety practices.
    - - The rise of factories and machinery increased the risk of accidents and occupational illnesses.
      - Workers organized protests and movements to demand better working conditions and safety regulations.
      - Rapid industrialization led to dangerous working conditions, long hours, and exploitation of labor.
    - - Ancient civilizations recognized occupational hazards and implemented rudimentary safety measures.
      - Ancient Greeks and Romans documented occupational diseases among miners, metalworkers, and other laborers.