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Politeness Strategy - Coggle Diagram
Politeness Strategy
Positive Politeness Strategy
Notice, attend to hearer (his interests, wants, needs, goods)
speaker should observe the hearer's condition, including noticeable changes and remarkable possessions, to ensure they approve of it, whether it's through symphaty, care, or comoliment.
Exaggerate (Interest, approval, sympathy with hearer)
this strategy is to use an exaggerated adjective to imply something that is more than it really is
Intensify interest to Hearer
The speaker can convey their shared desire to the listener by intensifying the importance of their contribution to the conversation by making a good story.
Use in-group identity markers
to the speaker and listener that they are part of a group of people who have similar needs through the use of in-group identification markers such as address form, language dialect, jargon, and slang
Seek Agreement
obtaining the hearer's agreement by presenting'safe topics' that they will agree with. This approach is a common way to find common ground and emphasize the speaker's agreement, satisfying the hearer's desire for confirmation or rightness. It also aims to find ways to agree with the listener.
Avoid Disagreement
avoid disagreement by using token agreement, pseudo agreements, hedging opinions.
Presuppose/raise/assert common ground
presupposing is the act of accepting something as true before it has been proven
Jokes
promoting common values and backgrounds, as they are based on mutually understood information and beliefs. They are a key positive-politeness tactic, reducing face-threatening acts, and can minimize response to listener mistakes.
Assert or presuppose speaker knowledge of and concern for hearer’s wants
The speaker and hearer may be cooperating by asserting or improving their knowledge of the hearer's wants and willingness to align their own desires with them.
Offer, promise
To counteract potential threats in certain FTAs, speaker may emphasize cooperation by claiming that she/ he will fulfill the hearer's wants within a relevant sphere, implying that when she/ he make a promise, she/ he have the intention to fulfill the hearer's needs.
Be optimistic
Speaker is confidence or optimist that the hearer will help the speaker or do something such as lending something from speaker.
Include both speaker and heare in the activity/ use inclusive “we” forms
The speaker uses an inclusive 'we' form to clarify cooperative assumptions and redress FTAs. The speaker's request, "let's," is polite as it indicates cooperation between the speaker and the hearer, making the request more polite.
Give (or ask for) reason
The speaker's inclusion of the hearer in the activity allows them to understand the speaker's FTA, as they are able to give reasons for their desires, implying cooperation and showing the need for help.
Assuming or assert reciprocity
Creating advantages for both the speaker and the hearer
Give gift
The speaker may maintain the hearer's positive face by fully providing the hearer's needs it can be such a sympathy and understanding.
Negative Politeness Strategy
Be conventionally indirect
This strategy involves indirect speech acts with indirect requests, indicating that a speaker aims to achieve their goals through FTA while also redressing the issue.
Do not presume/assume hearer
The strategy of question and hedge, which softens command and transforms it into a political suggestion, does assuming and not assume the FTA's acceptance by the hearer.
Be pessimistic
The phrase "do not coerce hearer" implies that the speaker does not use force to compel the listener to do something, either by offering a choice or assuming their unwillingness.
Minimize the imposition.
This strategy minimizes the threat to the negative face of the hearer by selecting words that indicate the minimum state of a matter.
Give deference
Deference can be expressed through humility or raising a positive face to the hearer, conveying that the hearer is of higher social status.
Apologize
Speaker is apologizing to the hearer because of treathening his/ her negative face.
Impersonalize
To avoid impinginging on the hearer, the agent may phrase the FTA as if they are not the speaker or speaker alone, and the addressee is not the hearer or only inclusive of the hearer, resulting in various ways to avoid using the pronouns 'I' and 'you'.
Stating the FTA as an istance of general rules
The speaker avoids impinging on the listener by emphasizing that the act is a general rule, avoiding the possibility of impinging on the listener.
Nominalize
the conversion of a verb into a noun, enhancing formality and distance in communication, thereby avoiding intrusion into the listener's consciousness.
Claim or disclaim indebtedness to the hearer
The speaker can claim their indebtedness to the hearer or disclaim any indebtedness of the hearer, allowing them to redress the FTA.
Positive principle and strategy
minimizing the expression of impolite beliefs and there is a corresponding positive version or maximizing the expression of polite beliefs which is somewhat less important.
Politeness strategies are developed in order to save the hearers' "face."
to maintain social balance and friendly relations, which gives us the opportunity to assume that all interlocutors will act in a spirit of cooperation
Face-Threatening Acts (FTA)
actions that contradict the intended faces of the speaker or addressee, posing both negative and positive threats.
the act of “being realised and perceived as intentionally causing “face damage” relative to the contextualised expectations of participants”