Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Digestive & Urinary System Aubrey Menchaca P : 5 - Coggle Diagram
Digestive & Urinary System Aubrey Menchaca P : 5
Major functions of the digestive system
Absorb molecules into the bloodstream
Rid body of any indigestible remains
Break food down into nutrient molecules
Take in food
Major functions of the urinary system
Regulate blood volume and pressure
Balances the body's fluids
Removes waste from the blood through urine
Balance and control electrolytes
Major organs of the digestive system
Esophagus - Flat muscular tube that runs from the laryngopharynx to stomach. Its collapsed when not involved in food propulsion
Stomach - Temporary storage tank that starts chemical breakdown of protein digestion. Converts bolus of food to paste-like chyme
Mouth - Oral orifice is the anterior opening and the walls are lined with stratified squamous epithelium
Pancreas - Supplies most of enzymes needed to digest chyme, as well as bicarbonate to neutralize acid
Liver - Digestive function to produce bile
Gallbladder - Chief function is storage of bile
Small intestine - Major organ of digestion and reabsorption. Contains three subdivisions of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
Large Intestine - Has three unique features such as teniae coli, Haustra, and Epiploic appendages
Anus
Major organs of the urinary system
Bladder
- temporary storage reservoir for urine
Urethra
- transports urine out of body
Kidneys
- major excretory organ and maintains internal environment by regulating total water volume and producing erythropoietin
Renal Pelvis
Renal Medulla
Renal cortex
Ureters
- transport urine from kidneys to bladder
Digestive enzymes ( Name and Functions )
Fat digestion - Starts at Unemulsified triglycerides which goes to Lingual lipase, next Gastric lipase, then emulsification of the detergent action of bile salts ducted in from the liver. Finally, pancreatic lipases lead to Monoglycerides and fatty acids
Protein digestion - starts from proteins which is pepsin in presence in HCI then Large polypeptides which is pancreatic enzymes. This finally leads to Amino acids which is apart of the brush border enzymes
Carbohydrate digestion - starts at starch and disaccharides which is salivary amylase and pancreatic amylase. This then goes to oligosaccharides and disachharides and into the brush border enzymes in the small intestine
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
Protein digestion - Stomach and Small intestine. Amino acids are absorbed via cotransport with NA+. Some dipeptides and tripeptides are absorbed via cotransport with H+ and hydrolyzed to amino acids within the cells.
Fat digestion - Mouth, Stomach, and Small Intestine. Fatty acids and monoglycerides enter. These are then recombined to form triglycerides and them combined with other lipids and proteins within the cells. The resulting chylomicrons are extruded by exocytosis.
Carbohydrate digestion - Mouth and Small intestine. Glucose and galactose are absorbed while Fructose is passed via facilitated diffusion
Layers of the GI tract ( Including stomach )
Absorbs fragments through lining into blood
Organs - mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus
Digests food by breaking down into smaller fragments
Alimentary canal
- continous muscular tube that runs from the mouth to anus
Serosa - Outermost layer, which is made up of the visceral peritoneum
Muscularis externa - Muscle layer responsible for segmentation and peristalsis. It also contains inner circular muscle layer and outer longitudinal layers
Submucosa - Consists of areolar connective tissue and contains blood and lymphatic vessels.
Mucosa - Tunica layer that lines lumen. Functions different layers to perform secretion of mucus, absorbing end products of digestion, and protecting against infectious diseases
Stomach - Contains regular four tunics
Enteroendocrine cells - secrete chemical messengers into lamia propia
Chief factors - secretions include pepsinogen which is an inactive enzyme that is activated to pepsin by HCI and by pepsin itself
Parietal cells - secretions include hydrochloric acid which denatures proteins, activates pepsin, breaks down plant cell walls, and kills many bacteria
Mucous neck cells - Secrete thin, acidic mucus of unknown function
Nephron anatomy and physiology
Two main parts
Renal corpuscle
Glomerulus - Tuft of capillaries composed of fenestrated endothelium. Allows for efficient filtrate formation. Filtrate plasma-derived fluid that renal tubules process to form urine
Glomerular capsule ( Bowman's capsule ) - cup-shaped, hollow structure surrounding glomerulus. Consists of parietal and visceral layer
Renal tubule
Consists of single layer of epithelial cells
Proximal convoluted tubule ( PCT ) - cuboidal cells with dense microvilli that form brush border. Functions in reabsorption and secretion
Nephron loop ( Loop of Henle ) - U-shaped structure consisting of two limbs. Has descending ( simple squamous epithelium ) and ascending limbs ( cuboidal or columnar cells )
Distal convoluted tubule ( DCT ) - Cuboidal cells with very few microvilli. Function more in secretion than absorption
Collecting ducts -
Principal cells
( Maintain water and Na+ balance ) and
intercalated cells
( help maintain acid-base balance of blood )
Nephrons - structural and functional units that form urine in the kidneys
Disorders of the digestive and urinary systems
Urinary Tract Infection ( UTI ) - Abnormal growth of bacteria anywhere along urinary tract
Kidney stones - Disolved minerals and salts. Treatment options would be medication, waiting to pass, and surgery
Bladder cancer - Cells in the bladder start to grow without control
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ( IBD ) - Chronic complex intestinal condition that causes inflammation in the digestive tract
Cholecytitsis - Inflammation of the gall bladder. Symptoms include tender abdomen, sweating, and nausea
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disea ( GERD ) - Chronic disease that occurs when the esophageal sphincter relaxes
Peptic Ulcers - Sores that develop in the lining of the stomach or the duodenum
Colon Diseases ( Polyps-growths ) - Symptoms include asymptomatic, change in bowel, and bloody stool