Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Topic 9- foreign relations and securing the succession: - Coggle Diagram
Topic 9- foreign relations and securing the succession:
Foreign policy
Spain
Initially there were good relations since he married the daughter of Ferdinand (Catherine of Aragon)
relations were close enough that Spain supported England in a war against France in 1512-1513
relations deteriorated after Spain failed to support England in the disastrous campaign in Gascony 1512- from then on relations were sour
Matters made worse after Henry annulled the marriage with catherine
Diplomatic triumphs
Treaty of London 1518: major success as it established a non aggression pact between most of the major powers in Europe
even included Spain, Burgundy, HRE and France. All those who signed agreed not to attack each other as well as come to each others aid if attacked
Field of the Cloth of Gold 1520: summit meeting between Henry VIII and Francis I, was very expensive, but was successful in showing the strengths and wealth of the monarchs
France
Henry had an obsession with france- inspired by his hero Henry v
Invaded france three times- 1st 1512-1513, 2nd 1522-1525, 3rd in 1544-1546
success of these conflicts is limited- some successes such as the Battle of the Spurs 1513, but also massive failures like the campaign in Gascony 1512
England was occupied briefly when France attacked the IOW in 1545
his main aim, to capture land in France, was never realised
England lacked the resources to mount a full scale invasion of france, and did rely on others for help, most notably Ferdinand of Spain and Charles V
both these allies weren't particularly helpful
Scotland
relations began poorly, as James IV allied himself with the French
when Henry invaded France, the Scots attempted to invade England, a very unsuccessful campaign
Scots were defeated at the Battle of Flooded 1513, and James IV killed in battle leaving James V an infant heir to the throne
Princess Margaret was regent bringing peace between the nations for nearly 30 years
peace was only hampered by conflict in 1542, where Henry defeated the Scots at the Battle of Solway Moss
was a cause of national embarrassment for James V, and the battle apparently led to an early death, as he died a month later at the age of 30
more conflict broke out in 1544, but it was short lived
Rough Wooing (1523- 1545): Henry tried to offer the Scots a 16 year truce in 1523 and marriage between James V and Mary, only if Albany was removed
intention was to stop the auld alliance (Albany was an anglo-sceptic and favoured closer ties between Scotland and france)
the offer was rejected so Henry sent a force to ravage the border off and on- policy known as rough wooing
Evaluation of foreign policy:
foreign policy was marked by failures in conflict with france as well as the issue of the great matter
initially Henry did see some successes e.g. treaty of London and died of the cloth of gold
the minor successes at the start of the reign do not outweigh the failures as his reign progresses
HRE:
England is increasingly sidelined as Charles V starts to progressively need Henry less
Treaty of Cambrai (ladies peace) 1529- peace between france and HRE and put a temporary halt in the Hapsburg-valois war (England is not invited despite being part of the conflict- hearty did not know about it until after it had been signed)
Battle of Pavia 1525: HRE defeat france, Francis I captured and the emperor rejects Henry's offer of a counter attack
Sack of Rome 1527: HRE dominates Italian states, the emperor captures the pope which made it unlikely the pope would side with Henry over Charles V in the matter of the annulment
treaty of Bruges 1521- plans for war with france between england and HRE
Securing the succession:
Act of Succession 1534: declared Mary illegitimate and stated that the succession would be decided by the children of Henry and Anne
Act of succession 1536: declared Elizabeth illegitimate, and also stated that Henry VIII could name a successor through will or letters patent- opened up the successor to his illegitimate son Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond (he died a year later)
Act of succession 1544: relegitimised Mary and Elizabeth and affirmed the right of the monarch to name a successor by will or letters patent
Henry VIII's will 1546: outlined that should Edward, Mary and Elizabeth die childless, the succession should go through Henry's sister Margaret's line. Also set up a regency council to rule on behalf of Edward