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chemistry - Coggle Diagram

- - - - medium energy
        
        vibrate against each other
  - - - lowest energy
        
        slide around each other
  - - - highest energy
        
        move and collide with each other
  - - - substance that boils over a range of temps will be a mixture not a pure compound
  - - - components of a chemical mixture is separated in fractions by their different boiling/ melting points
    - - the solidification of a liquid substance (must add heat)
    - - purifying a liquid compound by heating into vapour then condensed back into a liquid
  - - - surface area of solute
      - increase rate of stirring
      - temperature of solvent
  - - - increase conc. gradient
      - larger surface area
      - Increase temperature
- - - - electrostatic force of attraction between positively charged ions. (very strong and need stronger input of energy to overcome
        
        ionic compounds have high melting points
  - - - electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the nuclei on two atoms (very strong)
        
        covalent molecules have low melting and boiling points
        
        weak electrostatic forces between molecules (weak amount of energy to overcome)
- - - - +1 charge
        
        1 (mass)
    - - 0 charge
        
        1 (mass)
    - - -1 charge
        
        1/2000
  - - - floats on surface + bubbles
    - - melts into sphere + moves on surface quickly + bubbles
    - - lilac flame + floated rapidly
        
        They all turn universal indicator blue
    - - reactivity increases as you go down group 1 because the electrons are arranged so there is one extra electron on the outermost shell. This makes it reactive. as the distance from the nucleus to the single electron increases, the reactivity does as well
        
        positive always attract negatives
      - the attraction between the positively charged nucleus ad the outermost electrons get weaker as the atom size increases. it makes it easier to lose the outer electron
      - noble gases
        
        not reactive because already have complete outer shell
- - - - catalyst
        
        a catalyst is a substance that is added to a chemical to speed up the reaction. catalyst will lower the activation energy and allow a new pathway for the particles to bond. this will increase the rate of reaction and form more successful collisions per unit time
      - temperature
        
        as the temperature increases, the rate of reaction also increases since the particles have more kinetic energy making them move around faster which results in more successful collisons per unit time.
      - surface area
        
        the rate of reaction will increase with a larger surface area because more particles are exposed to the reactant meaning there will be more successful collisions per unit time.
      - pressure
        
        As the pressure increases so does the rate of reaction. Increased pressure is when particles are pushed together in an area so there will be smaller amount of space to move around. this means there will be more chance of successful collisions per unit time
      - concentration
        
        at a higher concentration, the rate of reaction will be quicker because there will be more reactant particles in a set volume.