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Geography Chapter 5,6 Notes - Coggle Diagram

- - - - All climates on Earth
        
        Temperate
        
        Grasslands
        
        Deciduous Forest
        
        Coniferous Forest
        
        Tropical
        
        Grassland
        
        Rainforest
        
        Other
        
        Mediterranean Forest
        
        Tundra
        
        Desert
- - - - High annual Rainfall
        
        Range usually between 2,000 to 4,500 mm
        
        High average mean Temperature
    - - Large Variety of Plants
      - Distinct vertical forest Structure with three layers
        
        There is intense competition for sunlight, causing the trees and plants to grow as tall as possible
        
        As not all plants grow to the same height, three main layers can be found in a rainforest
        
        Emergent Layer
        
        Trees grow up to 50 meters tall, the crowns of these trees form the emergent layer. Examples of emergent trees is the Tualang and Kapok Tree
        
        Canopy Layer
        
        Trees at this layer grow up to 30 meter tall. The canopy layer forms a thick and near continuous mass of branches and leaves due to the interlocking crowns of trees, which grow close to one another
        
        This layer prevents 97.9% of sunlight from passing through
        
        Undergrowth Layer
        
        Trees at this layer grow up to 20 meter tall. very little sunlight can reach this layer, as the sun's rays are blocked by the layer above, the canopy layer.
        
        Not many plants are able to grow here, except smaller ones that can grow in shade and the seedlings of taller trees, hence the amount of vegetation near the ground surface is sparse, except when there are gaps near the canopy (e.g., near the riverbanks)
      - Evergreen
        
        Always green throughout the year, does not shed leaves at a particular time of the year.
      - Adaptations of leaves and roots in Tropical Rainforests
        
        Broad Leaves
        
        Broad leaves have a large surface area to absorb the maximum amount of sunlight, so it can make food of its own survival growth
        
        Waxy Leaves
        
        Waxy leaves reduce the loss of moisture through transpiration due to high temperatures
        
        Drip Tips
        
        Drip Tips allow rainwater to flow off easily to prevent mould and fungus/fungi from growing on the leaves
        
        Buttress Roots
        
        Keeps tall trees steady and prevent them from toppling over, so they reach for as much sunlight as possible
        
        Shallow Roots
        
        Shallow roots help the trees to absorb nutrients quickly, as nutrients are concentrated in the multiple layers of soil from decomposition of dead leaves.
  - - - Which is found between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn
- - - - Leaves
        
        Salt-Secreting Leaves
        
        Salt-secreting leaves enable the removal of salt from the saline water that their roots absorb. Concentrated salt solution secreted by the leaves behind salt crystals on the leaf surface, which is subsequently removed by rain or wind.
        
        Example of mangrove species with this adaptation: Avicennia
        
        Shedding of salt filled leaves
      - Roots
        
        Salt-excluding roots have roots that do not allow salt particles to enter the plant. Avicennia
        
        Aerial Roots
        
        Pencil Roots
        
        Grows vertically upwards from main roots that are found just below the soil surface. Slender appearance that can grow up to 20 cm tall. Example of mangrove plant with pencil roots: Avicennia
        
        Cone Roots
        
        Cone roots are thicker with a conical appearance. They can grow up to 1.5 meters tall (Remember Li Shan). Example of mangrove plant with cone roots: Sonneratia
        
        Prop Roots
        
        Curved roots that grow from the trunk and lower branches towards the ground. Helps plant to breathe and provide it with support as they form a broader base around it. Example of plant with prop roots: Rhizophora
        
        Knee-bent roots
        
        Roots that bend upwards to emerge above the soil surface before bending downwards into the soil at regular intervals. Example of mangrove plant with prop roots: Bruguiera
  - - - Zones and species of mangroves
        
        Coastal Zone
        
        Found along the coast, has a low tide level, flooded for long periods of time in a day, species with higher salinity and flood such as: Sonneratia and Avicennia
        
        Inland Zone
        
        Found closest inland, high-tide levels, flooded for shorter periods of time in a day, species with lower salinity and flood tolerance, such as Bruguiera
        
        Middle Zone
        
        Is between low-tide and high-tide levels, spends less time flooded compared to the Coastal Zone, species with moderate levels of salinity and flood tolerance, such as: Rhizophora