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Amanda Gil Period 3 Digestive and Urinary System - Coggle Diagram
Amanda Gil Period 3 Digestive and Urinary System
Digestive enzymes
nucleases: from pancreas and break down nucleic acids into nucleotides
peptides: from intestinal mucosal cells,breaks down peptides into amino acids
sucrase, maltase, and lactase: from intestinal mucosal cells, breaks down disaccharides into monosaccharides
intestinal lipase: from intestinal mucosa cells, breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol
enterokinase: from intestinal mucosa cells, converts trypsinogen into trypsin
Layers of GI Tract
from mouth to anus
Mucosa inner layer: surrounds lumen of tube, carries on secretion and absorption
Submucosa under mucosa, nourishes other layers and vessels transport absorbed nutrients away from digestive organs
Muscularis 2 layers of smooth muscle: propels food through canal
Serosa outer serious layer, protects underlying tissues and secretes serious fluid to reduce friction between organs
GI tract includes: esophagus, stomach, gallbladder, pancreas, small intestine, appendix, large intestine, and anus
Nephron
about a million per kidney
functional unit of the kidney that can produce urine independently
renal corpuscle: filtration structure in renal cortex and performs 1st step of urine formation
glomerulus:cluster of capillaries
glomerular capsule: cup shaped sac that receives filtrate
renal tubule: glomerular capsule, proximal and distal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, and collecting loop
nephron components filter water and dissolved plasma substances, reabsorbs
collecting duct reabsorbs water by osmosis
Major Organs of the Digestive System
Pharynx and esophagus
pharynx
cavity posterior to mouth
connects nasal and oral cavities with larynx and esophagus
divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
esophagus
muscular tube leading from pharynx to stomach
lower esophageal sphincter helps prevent regurgitation of stomach contents into esophagus
mucus glands scattered throughout submucosa produce mucus to moisten/lubricate tube
Stomach
receives food from esophagus and propels food to the small intestine
Pancreas
both endocrine and exocrine
exocrine function is to produce pancreatic juice for digestion
pancreatic amylase: break down starch into dissacharides
pancreatic lipase: break down triglycerides to glycerol and fatty acids
proteolytic enzymes: split certain bonds between amino acids to break down proteins to dipeptides
contains bicarbonate ions that create an alkaline environment in duodenum for enzyme function
Liver
reddish brown located in the upper right quadrant of abdominal cavity
has large left and right lobes enclosed by a fibrous capsule
secretes bile
metabolic activities: metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
keeps proper blood concentration of glucose
stores glycogen, vitamin a, d, B12, and iron
synthesizes lipoprotiens, phospholipids, and cholesterol
filters blood by removing damaged red blood cells and foreign substances/toxins
Gallbladder
stores bile between meals and reabsorbs water to concentrate bile
pear shaped sac on inferior side of liver
contraction of muscular wall releases bile into duodenum
in some conditions cholesterol precipitates in gallbladder to form gallstones
Small Intestine
runs from stomach to large intestine
receives chyme from stomach
finish digestion of nutrients that arrive in chyme
receives pancreatic juices and bile
absorbs digestive end products
transports remaining residue to large intestine
includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ilieum
mesentery is a double layered fold of the peritoneum
lined with villi to increase surface area
secretes mucus, watery fluid, and enzymes
movements are segmentaion-mixing and peristalis-propelling
Large Intestine
larger diameter than small intestine
opens to outside as anus
absorbs water and electrolytes
forms and stores feces
parts are cecum, rectum, and anal canal
does not digest or absorb nutrients
secretes mucus by cells to help pass chyme
movements are like small intestine but slower
feces are composed of undigested material, water, electrolytes, mucus, shed intestinal cells, and bacteria
Major Functions of Urinary System
filter salt and water wastes from the blood
regulate pH and body fluid volume
helps control red blood cells production and blood pressure
helps maintain concentrations of electrolytes and water
Major Organs of Urinary System
Kidneys
behind parietal peritoneum
lateral side-convex
medical side-concave
hilum: medical depression that leads to renal sinus
renal pelvis: inside renal sinus divided into major and minor calyces
2 major regions: renal medulla and renal cortex
regulate volume, composition, and pH of body fluids
remove metabloic wastes from blood by forming urine
helps control rbc formation rate
supplied by renal arteries that go to afferent arterioles, nephrons, and give rise to glomerulus
Urinary bladder
stores urine and excretes it through urethra
portion of lower bladder forms internal urethral sphincter
hollow, distendible, muscular organ, lying in pelvic cavity
Ureters
muscular tube that conveys urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
wall of bladder acts as a 1 way valve because of angle that ureters enter the urinary bladder
begins as funnel shaped renal pelvis
Urethra
tubular organ transports urine from the urinary bladder
internal urethral sphincter undergoes reflex relaxation
micturition reflex is triggered by stretching of urinary bladder
internal urethral sphincter releases when contractions become strong enough
external urethral sphincter is voluntary due to it being composed of skeletal muscle
Major Functions of Digestive system
carries out digestion
mechanical breakdown: break down big pieces of food into smaller ones without changing the chemical composition
absorbs nutrients
alimentary canal and accessory organs help with digestion
chemical breakdown: breakdown large nutrient molecules into smaller chemicals by breaking chemical bonds
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
Salivary amylase: from salivary glands, start carbohydrate digestion by breaking down starch to disaccharides
pepsin: from gastric chief cells, begins protein digestion
Pancreatic amylase: from pancreas, breaks down starch into disaccharides
Pancreatic lipase: from pancreas, breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol
Proteolytic proteins: from pancreas, breaks down proteins or partially digested proteins into peptides
Disorders
Peptic Ulcers(sores that develop in the lining of the stomach or duodenum)
Causes: bacterial infection, smoking, alcohol abuse
Symptoms: nausea, severe chest pain, bloody stool
Treatment: lifestyle changes, medication, endoscopic surgery
Colon Diseases
Hemorrhoids (inflamed veins in the rectum or anus
Symptoms: anal pain, lumps near anus, rectal bleeding
Treatment: medication, surgical removal, injections
Causes: straining during bowel movements, chronic diarrhea, obesity
Spastic colon/IBS (abnormal abdominal conditions)
Causes: diet, stress, hormonal
Symptoms: cramping, constipation, mucus in stool
Treatment: lifestyle changes, diet, medications
IBD Inflammatory Bowel Disease(chronic complex intestinal condition that causes inflammation in the digestive tract)
Causes: unknown, possibly due to genetics, environmental, or immune
Symptoms: abdominal pain, cramping, fever
Treatment: antibiotics, fluid replacement. surgery
Bladder Cancer(cells of the bladder grow abnormally and tumors in the bladder)
Causes: smoking/inhaling tobacco, workplace chemicals, Cancer drugs
Symptoms: blood in urine, pain when you pass urine, back pain
Treatment: radiation, chemotherapy, surgery
GERD Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease(chronic disease that occurs when the esophageal sphincter releases, allowing the contents of the stomach to move back into the esophagus)
Symptoms: chest pain, dry cough, sour taste
Treatment: over the counter medication, prescription medication, surgery
Causes: pregnancy, smoking, diabetes
UTI Urinary Tract Infection(abnormal growth of bacteria anywhere along the urinary tract)
Causes: sexually active, pregnant women, menopause women
Symptoms: burning with urination, pain in lower pelvic area, cloudy urine
Treatment: oral antibiotic pills, pain medication, drinking lots of water
Cholecystitis(inflammation of the gall bladder)
Symptoms: tender abdomen, sweating, bloating
Treatment: fasting, antibiotics, cholecystectomy
Causes: blockage of gall duct by gall stones, digestive tumors, diet
Kidney Stones(hard stones that form when the urine has high levels of minerals and salt)
Symptoms: intense need to urinate, burning while urinating, sharp cramping pain in the back and side
Causes: overweight, chronic UTIs, type 2 diabetes
Treatment: surgery, medication, wait for them to pass